Abbreviations and Titles Used in College

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below youll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student. Abbreviations for College Degrees Note: The  APA doesnt recommend using periods with degrees. Be sure to consult your style guide as recommended styling may vary.   A.A. Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name. For example, Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college. A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science: A two: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree. A.B.D. All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression. A.F.A. Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.A. Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in liberal arts or sciences. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.S. Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associates) or a four-year (bachelors) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree. M.A. Master of Arts: The masters degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a masters degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelors degree. M.Ed. Master of Education: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education. M.S. Master of Science: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology. Abbreviations for Titles Dr. Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the masters degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and non-academic writing. Esq. Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect. In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name. Example: John Hendrik, Esq. It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing. Prof. Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example: Ill invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting. Mr. and Mrs. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing. Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate. Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D. You would address a person who signs correspondence as Sara Edwards, Ph.D. as Dr. Edwards.

Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Essays

Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Essays Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Paper Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Paper and this is important because at the beginning of the play, Macbeth was the stronger one hail brave friend. Macbeth doesnt like the idea that he has to turn evil to become king because he realizes that there are serious downsides to the murder. Lady Macbeth uses her power over Macbeth to terrorize him into committing the murder and this once again makes Macbeth feel more and more weak. In Act 1 scene 7, there are two parts, the first one is Macbeths soliloquy, and the second is the conversation between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the soliloquy, Macbeth is very negative and sees the act of becoming king in all its glory. He realises that there is a big disadvantage in following what the witches have told him but only vaulting ambition, which oer leaps itself and falls on th other. In the dialogue, Lady Macbeth is bullying him into committing the murder and because at this point Lady Macbeth is the more powerful of the two, she persuades him to kill the king. There is a change in Macbeths decision in both the soliloquy and the dialogue, the change in the soliloquy is when Macbeth says first as his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then as his host, who against his murderer shut the door not to bear the knife myself because he was going to commit the murder, and now he realizes that killing the king is not right. The change in the dialogue is when Macbeth says, bring forth men children only this is important because just before hand he had persuaded himself not to commit the murder and now he is going to go through with it. It is also important because Lady Macbeth wanted to have a part in the murder but Macbeth says that only men should do what he is about to do. Different people can understand the language in Macbeth in many different ways. Actors, who have to work out how they are going to play their part, need to know when to stress certain words and what they need to be doing. Shakespeare writes in old English and therefore actors in the present day, need to decide how they want their part to be understood by the audience. In the dialogue, Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth if we should fail? and then she says back to him we fail? because different copies of the story are rewritten by different people, the we fail? said by Lady Macbeth can be found written with an exclamation mark at the end of it. The whole of this scene is about regicide and that Macbeth has a lot of pride which means that, even if he knows athat it will be a failure in the future, he is powerless to do anything about it at present b ecause he wants the throne, as he has been told he will get the throne and cant wait for it to come to him. Macbeth knows that he wont be able to keep the fact that hes the murderer a secret for ever, and he tells us this in his soliloquy, but Lady Macbeth in her own wicked way bullies Macbeth into murdering the king. Macbeth is powerless against Lady Macbeth and she uses this to her advantage because anything she says, Macbeth will do. She tells Macbeth that he will come out of this successfully but screw your courage to the sticking-place and well not fail. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeths character has transformed. She sleepwalks, and is haunted by the horror of what she and her husband have carried out. A doctor has been called because of her worrying behaviour. She repeatedly tries to clean her hands, as her gentlewoman tells us, and mumbles about the murders, which seem to torture her with guilt. She thinks her hands are still covered with the blood of Duncan, and yet all her attempts to clean them do not remove the blood; Out, damned spot! Out, I say! Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? All her pleas in Act 1 Scene 5 to the evil spirits havent prevented her from feeling remorse. Her doubts about herself seem to have been justified she has been driven mad by the subsequent events. Again, she makes comments similar to those of Macbeth about the blood on her hands, saying; Heres the smell of blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand, Macbeth says; Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. Clearly, the guilt felt for Duncans murder, represented by his blood, stays with Lady Macbeth and her husband for the duration of the play, and hangs heavily on their minds. On three occasions during Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth mentions, in her agitated state, all the murders that Macbeth has carried out. I have already mentioned the comment about Duncans murder (the old man). When remembering the murder of Macduffs family, Lady Macbeth says; The Thane of Fife had a wife: where is she now? She also seems to be petrified that Banquo will rise from the dead to haunt her, and to comfort herself says; Banquos buried; he cannot come out on s grave. Lady Macbeth is evidently plagued by all the murders. When Macbeth says earlier in the play; Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep the innocent sleep. (Act 2 Scene 2), he accurately describes the desperate state of Lady Macbeth in Act 5 Scene 1. Her sleep is not innocent, but simply a time for her brain to re-live the awful events which have passed. Her authentic fear in this scene is a contrast to the anticipation evident in Act 1 Scene 5, where she is willing herself on. Now, she honestly regrets the murders, but knows Whats done cannot be undone. Her true feelings about the murders are revealed and there is no longer a masking of her conscience, as she wanted before. She now has an understanding of the real meanings of good and evil, and feels much guilt. In Act 5 Scene 1, blood is referred to as an evil, horrid liquid, which clings as a constant reminder of murder and death; Heres the smell of blood still. This is unlike in Act 1 Scene 5, where blood is viewed by Lady Macbeth as a driving force behind her and her husbands success; make thick my blood. (Act 1 Scene 5). Perhaps this shift in Lady Macbeths opinion of blood shows how she now realises the true horror of murder, whereas before she had no first-hand experience of it, and therefore mistakenly judged the act lightly. She thought she could cope with the situation, but even with the aid of the supernatural, it is clear that she could not. Before, in Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth appealed to darkness to mask the murder from her conscience, like a comforter and protector. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth regards darkness as frightening, not as comforting; Hell is murky! This is yet another example of Lady Macbeth being hounded by her guilt; she realises that she is doomed to reside in hell after her death, and darkness is something that reminds her of this terrible fate. The tone of Lady Macbeths speech in Act 5 Scene 1 is completely different to that of Act 1 Scene 5. She mumbles, falling over her words, as if speaking before she has thought. She bears all, and does not worry, or even notice, that the doctor and gentlewoman are there. This is very different to Act 1 Scene 5, where her words are carefully structured and deliberate. The speech of Act 5 Scene 1 has no purpose, whereas in Act 1 Scene 5 it was demanding and insistent. Shakespeare cleverly changes his use of verse form into that of prose for Lady Macbeth, as if she was an inferior part in the play. This use of prose shows the audience she is rambling, illogical and mad now. Her words in Act 5 Scene 1 flow as in a train of thought, and phrases are repeated many times, to emphasise her madness; Come, come, come, come, give me your hand. Sentences are left unfinished and often make no sense; One; two: why, then tis time to do t. The doctor makes a very appropriate comment at the end of this scene; Unnatural deeds do breed unnatural troubles; infected minds to their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets. More needs she the divine than physician. In other words, Lady Macbeths invocation of the supernatural (unnatural) spirits, and her husbands evil actions, have caused her to go mad (infected minds). The doctor admits he cannot help. At the beginning, Lady Macbeth finds strength from the supernatural to entice Macbeth to murder Duncan and to go through with the murder herself. As time advances though, her pretended strength diminishes as she fights the torments of her conscience. Lady Macbeths attempts to suppress her conscience fail, and blame engulfs and destabilizes her. In the end, she chooses death because she can no longer bear the torments of her guilt. The dramatic transformation of such a pivotal character adds suspense to the play, and also delivers a moral message to the audience (which included King James I, who had a personal interest in witchcraft); that the pursuit of witchcraft, murder and evildoing can only lead to downfall. It also reveals a slightly different view of the fiend-like queen, showing us that she feels remorse, and is defenceless to it, like any other person. In the 16th century the audience was not like it is today. People in general believed in witches. It was thought that they were a real presence. Magic was a common subject and quite normal. However, witches were also thought to be evil and were therefore killed. An example of this was The Witch Trials where James I executed hundreds of young women because they were thought to be witches. However, in the 21st century, there is a completely different concept of witches. Magic is no longer believed in. therefore, witches are now an aspect of fiction. Any outside influence that cannot be explained is not said to be magic or luck, it is explained to us by psychiatrists to be some kind of phenomena of the human mind. This means basically that it is of our own imaginations. In conclusion, the ways that the scenes would be presented to an Elizabethan audience are very realistic and scary. By scary, I mean that as the Elizabethans believed in witches, they feared them. So, when I present the witches and their familiars, it would be scary to this audience. However, this varies greatly from the way in which I would present the scenes to a contemporary audience. This being that everything is presented on a sub-conscious level. This is more acceptable to the society of today. Anything that is not quickly explained away is a threat to the stability of our society. If a seemingly abnormal occurrence cannot be explained as some kind of experience, people begin to feel at risk and scared. This feeling of insecurity has always been covered up through the different eras by different beliefs and commonly accepted ideas. If there were not a solid belief, we would be thrown into chaos and confusion. Everyone would question everything and life would become very frantic. Just as it does in the final scenes of Macbeth-when he dies.

Impact of big data on data management functions Essay

Impact of big data on data management functions - Essay Example Distinguishing characteristics of Big Data are its capabilities of circumnavigating data utilization and limitation issues. It deploys highly cohesive methods for data nomenclature and architecture. It also deploys dedicated and powerful processors just for data storage and retrieval functions. While normal range of handling data sets varies from megabytes to gigabytes, Big Data can handle data sets varying in the range of terabytes and pentabytes (Magoulas and Lorica 2009). However, functioning of Big Data at such an enormous scale of database management may have some unwanted impact. It often becomes highly difficult to detect privacy violations or flaws in data capturing methods while operating Big Data (Snijders, Matzat, and Reips 2012). The general paradigm of data management deals with traditionally manageable sizes of mostly similar datasets. For example, DAMA’s Data Management Body of Knowledge or DAMA-DMBOK framework serves as a popular functional paradigm for general data management. There are 10 primary functions in DAMA-DMBOK. According to the DAMA-DMBOK Guide (2010), these 10 functions are: Data Governance serves as the core function, which must be accomplished with the help of the other functions. The framework also explicitly defines all the stakeholders involved in database management and related utilities. (Earley 2011) Big Data has certain positive impacts on a standard database management framework like DAMA-DMBOK. Firstly, it helps in modifying the framework suitably for handling larger datasets. Secondly, it helps in developing a stakeholder-independent database management framework. Thirdly, it helps in generating and storing enormous amounts of data for both storage and processing. (Magoulas and Lorica 2009) However, Big Data is likely to have a negative impact on certain DAMA-DMBOK functions such as Data Security Management and Data Quality Management. The

The Life of Pi by Yann Martel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of Pi by Yann Martel - Essay Example This leads to the creation of another version of the same story; this time, however, instead of animals on the raft there are people, Taiwanese sailor, his mother, the cook and the blind French man. The characters in the new story resembles to the animals in the life boat of the original story. And after two hundred and twenty-seven days adrift Pi is the only survivor. Somehow this second story told with hardly any details and seems more believable. By telling two different stories, Author wants to highlight the single most important concept and raised the question. Which story is better - the story with animals or the story without animals This faith revolves around the entire novel and serves as its conclusion. The center meaning of the book is to convey about man's relationship to animals. Pi is cast adrift in a lifeboat with a zebra, a hyena, an orangutan, and a huge Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. Eventually, just the tiger and he are left in the boat, tale of 227 days at sea. The boat is well stocked for a human. Pi only hope for survival is to keep the tiger content and subservient to him. Pi lives in constant terror of Richard Parker, but manages to keep him supplied with fish, turtles, and fresh water so that he doesn't turn on him. Pi limited Richard Parker territory to the floor of the boat .In real life Richard Parker resembles dangerous people .A boundary should always be drawn and restricts them from crossing their limits or invading our territory Pi becomes increasingly convinced that his fate and the tiger's are inextricably linked and progresses to an uneasy truce between adversaries. Ultimately over the months they are together, he develops an ever-deepening relationship with the animal. But Richard Parker is a wild animal. He never forms an emotional attachment with Pi. Near the end of the novel, Richard Parker disappears into the forest without a trace and never returns. Not a single time he looked back. He unceremoniously concludes the relationship and left Pi with tears and a heavy heart. For Pi, caring for the tiger becomes his darkest moments in life. Like Dangerous people Richard Parker and other animals in the novel are never colored with sentimentality .They are revolving around our lives for their own cause and benefit. And they will never hesitate to leave us. 3. Explain why the author chose a tiger as the main animal protagonist instead of an elephant or rhinoceros Martel portrayed Richard Parker to be anything more than a dangerous Bengal tiger and Pi never to be more than a desperate boy lost at sea. His main aim was to show a 16-year old Indian boy, Pi relationship with a dangerously wild animal and survival through the use of his wits and sheer determination for 227 days at sea. So he chooses Richard Parker main animal protagonist unlike elephant or rhinoceros. A tiger symbolizes a carnivorous, wild and unsentimental animal. As the law of nature eventually rules in the lifeboat and Pi ends up as the tiger's last remaining occupant who lives in constant terror , but manages to keep of Richard Parker supplied with fish,

Health of Transgender Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health of Transgender Population - Essay Example Transgender is referred as an umbrella term used to describe people of different groups which includes cross dressers, gender queer people, transsexual and others (De Sutter, 2001). In simple words, transgender is used to describe the individuals or groups who defying their gender based roles allocated by the society choose to alter, modify or change it in variety of ways. The term transgender is most commonly used, at present by the people who are uncomfortable with their assigned gender by birth, and deliberately change it. Trans is the short form of the term implying the same meaning and interpretation. However, the level of trans exists in a person may very while some being extreme and undertake medical surgeries to satisfy their needs, while other being at normal or average level who avoid undertaking medical surgeries. However, the identity of trans is not affected by the level, either trans undertake surgeries or not they shall always be recognized as trans but with no other t erms. Female to male (FTM) and male to female are the descriptors that are generally used to describe trans people. However, some people prefer the terms transgender woman or man (same as FTM or MTF), because the terms projects and confirm their chosen character. However, affirmed female and affirmed male are also the terms used synonymously with FTM or MTF. While comparing trans people with non-trans people (mostly for medical terms) natal/bio female and natal/bio male are used to describe normal or non-trans people. It is important for medical practitioners to explicitly define their identity without any hesitation so that assumptions... This paper stresses that the buttocks are much smaller in size as compared to the females. The buttocks are also considered as one sexually arousing part of the female body. In order to give the transgender man undergoing sexual reassignment surgical process, it is essential that they should under buttock augmentation as well. This is the enlargement process of the buttocks. If the patient has not past puberty, the first priority is the hormone therapy. However, in many cases, it might not work and the surgery is essential. The author talks that this surgery is the process in which a transgender individual undergoes a set of medical procedures, through which his or her gender is changed to the desired gender. There are some other common names present for the surgery as well, including the genital replacement surgery, sex affirmation surgery or the realignment if sexual orientation surgery. This report makes a conclusion that the transgender men and women are now not easily distinguishable once they undergo the surgery. With the prosthetic or surgically created vagina, penis and breasts, along with the secondary male and female characteristics, these individuals enjoy the sexual life as much as the individuals born with that particular sex do. While there have been a number of advances in the transsexual gender reassignment surgery, there is still the lacking of the surgical inclusion of the male or female reproductive system. The transgender population can now have their desired sexual orientation, but the reproduction is still a lacking they might feel. As the technology remains to improve, it is possible that this could also be accomplished in the near future.

How the Environment Effects Food and Supply

How the Environment Effects Food and Supply Introduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the current state of food and environment in the field of natural resources like soil, ocean, climate and melting glaciers and their affects. By examining a range of academic articles in summary books, newspaper articles and internet sites on the topic of food and environment, this report states the situation of natural resources, environment pollution, over development and some global phenomenon caused by global worming and melting glaciers. The report then considers the further development and global worming, melting glaciers effect on food and environment. Floods and droughts In the beginning of this essay, the issue of how environmental disasters impact food will be discussed. It is clear that our Mother Earth is getting hotter, with the effect of global warming. It is because of Greenhouse effect which is due to the massive and rapid development of several industries from developing countries. It was proved that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from 316 ppm in 1958 to 385 ppm in 2008 (Kirkham 2011, p.370). It has worsened the issue of melting glaciers; which, in turn, causes flooding and droughts over many areas in the world. The high percentage of glacier melting is the main reason of the rise of sea level which causes floods in over the world. Unexpected floods could impact seriously on crops growth, it can have a negative effect on the financial performance of farming as a result of crop damage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reduced crop and livestock yield and quality/condition (Thorne, Evans and Rowsell 2007, p.130). It means that flooding does not only affect the quantity but the quality of food source as well. For instance, a recent flooding that happened in 25th of August in 2012 in Burma after several weeks of continuously raining has driven eighty-five thousands of people homeless as well as more than two hundred thousand hectares of rice field have been swamped (The Guardian 2012). It was also expected to require a long time for the people and fields to recover. While there are countries that are struggling with floods, drought is also a problem in others because the weather changes wind patterns that moves cloud and humidity through the air that causes the imbalance in water distribution. Since May this year, North Korea has been suffering the most severe drought in 105 years which threatened to damage this countrys breadbasket, especially when this country has already experienced a critical lack of food. North Korean was also notified an estimate amount of 3.5 million people are with the risk of malnutrition and famine (The Telegraph 2012). Because of these destructions, it is possible that in the near future, countries using rice as a main food will have to face with a huge shortage of food, while Burma and North Korea are considered sources for rice suppliers. Furthermore, even if the amount of food could be sustained, its quality is unsure due to the pollution issues. Marine pollution Marine pollution can be traced back as early to the Roman times. Industrial waste, farm runoff and trash dumping into the oceans have caused much imbalance to the ecosystem in which many organisms thrive in. Despite many efforts made by eco-friendly organizations and campaigns to reduce pollution, it is still happening at a large scale. Pollution is essentially the introduction of harmful contaminants not part of a natural ecosystem. They may range from the man-made pollutants like chemicals, pesticide, industrial residue, oil, sewage, plastics and other solids. These contaminants end up contaminating not only the water in which much of the marine life live in but they also cause a disruption in the global food chain. When fish consume these contaminants, humans are simultaneously affected as they catch and eat the fish. Therefore, radioactive or poisonous contaminants may drastically harm us and as such pollution does affect us as much as it does the marine ecosystem. Excessive pollution may even cause any entire ecosystem to collapse and thus fishing may be near impossible once this happens. Fish will become scarce as an entire food chain will be broken beginning with water in the ocean being unsuitable for inhabiting. Oil spills Oil spills are usually the most common of all marine pollution. Much of it comes from spillage from large ships and vessels as well as oil rigs. In addition, drainages and rivers also transport oil into the oceans from cities and industry. As oils density is lesser than water, it usually stays at the surface which causes sea mammals and birds to be affected much more than fishes as it causes these animals to die when they drink the water or come out to the surface to die due to the toxins of the oil. Sewage disposal Another cause of pollution if sewage disposal. Much urban sewage that is dumped into the ocean is untreated or under treated. Sewage alone contains much bacteria and even diseases. Fishes may sometimes eat these sewage and the bacteria may then thrive in them. This affects us when we catch and later consume the fishes, causing the bacteria to then be transferred into our bodies. Aside from affecting us in that manner, humans may also be affected by the diseases in the water and beaches closures may occur. Toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals make up the bulk of marine pollution. Much of these toxic chemicals are dumped into the oceans deliberately despite much international laws banning such dumping. Accidental leakages from industries also cause these chemicals to disseminate through soil, water and through water vapour in the air. From the tiniest organisms in the ocean such as plankton to larger animals up the food chain like polar bears. They become affected by these chemicals as they are able to travel long distances through currents in the ocean. People, who are at the highest end of the food chain, end up consuming the highest chemical load as it is multiplied up the food chain. To conclude, our food is largely dependent on the physical environment that it comes from. Pollution causes much disarray to the purity and freshness of our food as it affects us directly once we eat them. Fish that has been tainted by toxins from chemicals may cause cancer, damage to immune systems, behavioral problems, reduced fertility and even death in extreme cases. Global warming and its effects on sea levels Global warming is causing a drastic problem to humans and their food source alike, namely fish, by causing alarming increases in sea levels. The cause of global warming is initiated by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is when the suns heat is trapped in the earths atmosphere when greenhouse gases cause it to be radiated back to earth. Normally, some heat from the sun is absorbed into the earths surface while the rest is radiated back to space. When humans burn fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas and coal, they create excessive amounts of carbon dioxide which are the major components of greenhouse gases. When excessive heat is trapped in the earths atmosphere, this causes our earth to heat up beyond normal temperatures. This increase in temperature is causing ice caps on Mount Kilimanjaro and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland to melt. When this happens, water levels will rise which will cause many problems which will upset the balance in nature. Cold water fish will not be able to survive as the water would be too warm. This would cause problems for people fishing them as a food source. Even coral reefs are dying as a result of the increase in water temperatures. This in turn could cause many species of fish who call it home to die which could in turn affect humans fishing for them. Another great drastic issue is raising water levels. Research has shown that low lying nations like the Maldives could be completely submerged should this occur. Such a rise would have a devastating impact on low-lying island countries, such as the Indian Oceans Maldives, which would be entirely subm erged. (Stefan Lovgren, 2004). Densely populated areas like Nile Delta and Bangladesh would become uninhabitable as well. Not only will fishing be difficult but people will have a greater problem at finding higher ground suitable for living. An imbalance in natures food chain would be caused by global warming that could drastically affect fishes as food source. As ice sheets melt in the Antarctic, the polar bears living would be adversely affected as the temperature would be increasingly too warm for them to live in. Polar bears are entirely dependent on sea ice, you lose sea ice, you lose polar bears. (Jay Malcolm, 2004). Hence, they may not be able to survive and the seal and sea lion population that would otherwise be controlled by the polar bears as part of their diet would multiply and overpopulation may occur resulting in many fishes being eaten and depleted. This depletion would be a negative factor for fisheries and human civilizations living in the northern hemisphere would have to then look for an alternative food source which would be difficult as their main source of protein and food are fish. Intrusion of sea water The rise in sea level also leads to the intrusion of sea water. As the development environment for rice crops is the fresh water, the increased salinity in soil can hinder rice growth and affect rice production. A study carried out by World Bank (2000) indicates that increased salinity alone from a 0.3 meter sea level rise will cause a net decrease of 0.5 million metric tons of rice production. Some low-lying deltas (which are the major rice crops in the world) of such river systems as the Ganges, the Mekong, the Nile, the Yellow, and so forth, have been affected by tidal wave. For example, as reported by FAO (1998), there were estimated amounts of 650,000 ha of saline soils along the coastal belt in the Mekong River Delta and 350,000 ha in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The release of pesticides Water in lakes or rivers where the melting glacier flows through can be contaminated with pesticides. Some types of pesticides which contained harmful elements used to be used in agricultural production but they then were banned worldwide years ago. Most of the pesticides evaporated into the air and were finally trapped in layers of glaciers. Now, the rapid glacial melting is causing these hazardous chemicals to be released back into the environment, lakes, and rivers. For example, organochlorine is a type of pesticide having harmful contents. It was banned in entire USA due to its bad effects on humans health like leading to headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, or even cancer (Delaware Health and Social Services, 2010). This chemical, according to Blais (2001), shows an increase in one of the sub-alpine lakes in Canada. Such type of contamination can bring about negative impacts on the underwater ecology and creatures, while at the same time affects the source of water used for hum ans life as well as farming. Global Solution The only way to slow down glaciers melting is to slow global warming. The global greenhouse effects requires a global solution, which requires the participation of the entire global community. (Rogers, 2012) We only have one earth, the protection for it need all citizen take part in. Humankind has become dependent on burning fossil fuels to support our way of life, but it increases global warming at an unnatural rate. To restore the glaciers we need to utilize alternative energy sources, increase our energy efficiency and decrease our individual carbon output. (Rae, 2012) There are many alternative energy available. Solar panels are made up of solar cells that trap the heat from the sun and convert it into energy. Wind turbines are towers that use the kinetic energy from the wind to generate power. Biofuels such as ethanol can be produced in your back yard by fermenting and mixing vegetable, fruit and grain waste; ethanol is used to make biodiesel fuel, a clean burning fuel for diesel engines. Electric cars are battery-powered instead of relying of the highly polluting internal combustion engine. Tidal and wave power utilize the massive power of the ocean by harnessing the energy with generators placed on the ocean floor. (Rae, 2012) For individuals, try to take public transportation instead drive ourself; ride a bicycle if it helps; walk or jog to destination is also a good way to save time and strengthen body. Save power at home by taking shorter showers, recycling used water, turning off power for resting television, computers. Little things can make a big difference if done in a large scale, and theyll go a long way toward reducing carbon footprint and saving the glaciers, slow down other effects of global warming. Conclusion This report has stated the currently major effects that environment made to the food growth and supply. They are the field pollution due to over fertilization, unbalance of marine organism caused by over fishing, air pollution because of industrialization and urbanization. And even the melting glaciers which is a result of global warming has being a big concern: When we see melt in places that we havent seen before, at least in a long period of time, it makes you sit up and ask whats happening. said NASA chief scientist Waleed Abdalati. Its a big signal, the meaning of which were going to sort out for years to come. It is not only simply the food or the environment that we should think about, but also the connection between. More systematic development need to be considered by government, organizations and companies.

Phonics vs, the Look Say Method

Over the past decades, the decline in the rate of literacy in America has baffled many. At least 20% of high school graduates are functionally illiterate, despite the education they receive in the public school system. As these graduates enter the world reading at an elementary level, they are unable to live a normal life, which leads to poverty and can lead to delinquency and imprisonment. This decline is not only a decline of literacy, but also a decline of independence, ingenuity, and responsibility.The beginning of this decline can be traced back to a certain event in the history of the public school system: the introduction of the look say method in the 1930s. Ever since the look say method, or Whole Word instruction, took the place of phonics, the number of illiterate graduates has grown higher and higher. Evidence proves that the look say method is not sufficient to properly teach students how to read. Phonics is far superior to the look say method of learning to read. First o f all, phonics is better than the look say method of learning to read because phonics has a firmer foundation than the look say method.Phonics is based on rules that the child memorizes; therefore, when he has memorized these rules, he can read almost any word he sees. A small article by the Abeka reading programs shows many rules that are taught in phonics, such as the following: â€Å"When there is one vowel in a word, that vowel usually says its short sound† and â€Å"when there are two vowels in a word, the first vowel says its long sound, and second vowel is silent† (â€Å"Six Easy Steps to Reading,† 1). When the child learns definite rules such as these, he is more likely to apply them because he knows that they will not change.Sebastian Wren writes in his article â€Å"Developing Research-based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher,† he tells that â€Å"children are explicitly taught the ‘rules’ about the way words are written an d spelled, and they are taught spelling-sound relationships. After the teacher provides an explicit lesson in a particular Phonics rule, the child is presented with a passage text that contains many words consistent with that rule. This provides the child with an opportunity to apply each Phonics rule on a variety of words in context of the passage.The goal of the Phonics teacher, then, is to instill the children with the Phonics rules and the common spelling-sound relationships, and to teach children to apply this knowledge in sounding-out each word they encounter, making that assumption that comprehension and appreciation will be a natural consequence of accuracy† (Wren, 1). Basically, when the child is taught these rules and then given the opportunity try the rules, he will find that these rules can help him to read with ease. In contrast, the look say method has no definite rules that he can put into practice as he reads.Phonics is better than the look say method because i t has a definite set of rules that the child can apply when he reads. The look say method requires much guessing if the child does not know the word that he is trying to read. Because he has not been taught definite rules like those of the phonics method, he is unsure of how to accomplish the task of reading. In her book The Good School, Peg Tyre tells: â€Å"‘Instead of children being expected to learn individual letters by rote memory, then syllables, and finally words, they were given books with pictures of common objects.Underneath each picture was its simple name. ’ Kids were taught to derive meaning from words by memorizing the look of the words, or looking at the picture and guessing, or reviewing the context and extrapolating, instead of sounding them out† (96). Rather than being taught how to read using rules and hints, the children are taught to read by guessing what the word is based on the context. Samuel L. Blumenfeld explains in his book The New Ill iterates some of what the students are taught: â€Å"He is taught the names of seventeen consonant letters and their sound values only as appear at the beginnings of words.What phonetic value they have in the middle of words is neither considered nor discussed. The letter is taught merely as a phonetic clue to the word—one clue among several taught as word-attack skills. In fact, the child is not encouraged to use a phonetic clue until he has first exhausted context and word-form clues. If these fail him, then he is to try the phonetic clue of the initial-consonant sound† (74). Phonetic rules are not demonstrated clearly, and looking at the context to determine the word and its meaning is encouraged. However, simply guessing what the word is only makes the child unsure of himself.Phonics and its rules are far better to teach than the look say method and its guessing. Secondly, phonics is better than the look say method because it is far easier for the child to comprehe nd, conquer, and enjoy. In an article entitle â€Å"Whole Language vs. Phonics,† Sebastien Wren, Ph. D. says that the look say method is â€Å"nothing more than the rote memorization of every word in the English language† (â€Å"Whole Language vs. Phonics,† 1). The look say method basically requires the student to basically memorize every single English word in existence, an extremely difficult feat for a young person.The article â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics† tells that â€Å"only the smartest Chinese can memorize 20,000 of their ideograms, but Whole Word promoters expect you to memorize 50,000 to 10,000 English words. In short, Whole Word expects ordinary people to accomplish a feat that’s only possible with a photographic memory† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1). A young student can hardly expect to conquer reading this way. Memorizing that many words is absolutely ludicrous when one could read them if they knew the simple r ules of phonics. Phonics is especially needed with someone who may be slow at learning.Blumenfeld writes it in his book NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education: â€Å"Slow learners in particular found look-say ‘overwhelmingly difficult. ’ That would explain why before look-say was adopted slow learners learned to read without great difficulty via the alphabetic phonics method† (118). The phonics method is far easier than the look say method to understand for any person. Progress with the phonics method is far more rapid than that of the look say method. The article â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics says :â€Å"Phonics, it is claimed, can teach almost all children to read by the end of first grade.The reading may be slow and halting at first, but in a few years the child is able to read ordinary books for amusement or education† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1). This is vastly more rapid than the look say method. The article continues: â€Å"In fact, few students can memorize even 300 words per year. This difficulty is confirmed all over the Internet by lists of sight words that have third grade students learning simple one-syllable words such as: bring, clean, cut, done, draw, drink, eight, fall, far, full, got, grow, hold, hot, hurt, if, and keep† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1).Students learning phonics would have conquered these words in the first grade, if not sooner. The progress of the look say method is significantly slower than that of the phonics method. Phonics is more entertaining for the child, whereas the look say method becomes dull and monotonous. Learning phonics is more interesting for the child because they are able to use the rules themselves and apply it to the words themselves. However, the look say method is very repetitious. Blumenfeld writes the following about his research in his book The New Illiterates: â€Å"Oh is repeated 138 times and see 176.Repetitions of these two words alone must equal the entire wordage of the first Pre-Primer. What a slow, tedious, monotonous way to learn two words! † (43). The look say method is dull and monotonous to the point of being just unnecessary. The children who are taught this method become extremely averse to reading because the way that they were taught is so tedious and uninteresting. Phonics is better than the look say method because it easier for the child to comprehend, conquer, and enjoy.Finally, the phonics method produces a larger number of competent, literate students than that of the look say method. Phonics gives the students a sense of definite understanding and accomplishment that can encourage them to make something of themselves. Because they feel confident, they will want to show the world what they can do. However, the reading students that the look say method produces do not feel as confident. The disappointment that this child will feel because he cannot read is acute.In his book NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education, Samuel L. Blumenfeld cites an article by Dr. Samuel T. Orton: â€Å"Faulty teaching methods may not only prevent the acquisition of academic education by children of average capacity but may also give rise to far reaching damage to their emotional life† (111). The look say method could not only cause the child to be a poor reader but also harm the child’s confidence. However, the phonics method gives the child a desire to use this ability to make a name for himself.Students who cannot read well are less likely to be productive in productive in their living. In her book The Good School: How Smart Parents Get Their Kids the Education They Deserve, Peg Tyre tells of some research on the outcome of learning the look say method: â€Å"Seventy-four percent of struggling third-grade readers still struggle in ninth grade, which in turn makes it hard to graduate from high school. Those who do manage to press on—and who manage to graduate fr om high school—often find that their dreams of succeeding in higher education are frustratingly elusive.It won’t surprise you to know that kids who struggle in reading grow up to be adults who struggle to hold on to steady work—they are more likely to experience periods of prolonged unemployment, require welfare services, and are more likely to end up in jail† (94). Learning the look say method has wrought horrible effects on the lives of many students in terms of their future. Because these students were taught how to read using the look say method and therefore do not read well, they are most likely not going to live productively. Phonics is far better than the look say method of learning to read.Evidence proves that the look say method is not teaching students how to read properly. The public school claims that they teach children how to read exceptionally well; however, if that is the case, these students who graduate should be reading at high levels. But as more and more functionally illiterate students graduate, they find it extremely difficult to live the lives they had always dreamed for themselves because they cannot read well. This inability to read leads to many of the problems that are in society today, such as unemployment, negligence, and dependence on the government.

Freakonomics Essay Essay

The most interesting excerpt of â€Å"Freakonomics† was the connection made between crime rates and abortions. This passage was fascinating for a few reasons. The first reason being that it makes absolute and complete sense, so much so that it should be common sense. This correlation between the legalization of abortion and the rate of crime going down is so simple, yet so incredibly profound. This piece of information, if used correctly, can totally obliterate the argument that pro-choice is a negative thing for society. On a more personal note, I found the concept that the crime rate really is not as high as it was in the 90’s to be encouraging. One thing I really do not enjoy is when an adult says something along the lines of, â€Å"The world really isn’t what it used to be,† when referring to safety. As much as I do understand that â€Å"back in the day† things were much more relaxed and safer, all I can do is accept how the world is now and not let it get in the way of my life. With the decline of the crime rate in the 90’s due to abortion, it is a great feeling to think that where our world is, safety-wise, is not at its lowest point, and therefore we know that it can be handled. Overall I really enjoyed this book. Even the parts I did not like very much still caught my attention. An example of this is the section pertaining to how real estate agents may not try their very hardest to get you the best deal. Although this makes absolute sense in the simplest manner, much like everything in this book, it is not the easiest to stomach. While the real estate agents only lose a couple hundred dollars in commission, a buyer or seller can lose thousands of dollars because of an antsy real estate agent. Another example of a part that I did not like was the excerpt on the teachers cheating for their students. I was completely put off by this because in the end, the students ended up in a worse spot than where they were original. Standardized testing is put in place to make sure that no children fall too far behind in school. While I don’t believe in all of the repercussions of standardized testing such as lack of funding for low scores or teachers solely teaching to the test, I do believe that standardized testing does serve a really important purpose in schools. Standardized testing is a benchmark that the teachers should strive to reach for with  every child in their class. This testing ensures that kids are learning the fundamentals needed throughout life, such as reading comprehension and critical thinking. The fact that the teachers were cheating for their children proved that the teachers did not believe they have done a good enough job at teaching these fundamentals. These teachers therefore, while they believe the contrary, are doing a disservice to their students. The biggest thing I learned from â€Å"Freakonomics† was that economics is simple, sometimes so simple in fact that the general public a majority of the time over thinks it. Not only that, but economics can also be extremely interesting. This is because at the core of economics, is us. When I say us I mean, us, the people that buy and sell and keep the economy going. Without us, the economy would not exist. So essentially, the study of economics is the study of people and the decisions we make.

Biography of Olympic Figure Skater Oksana Baiul

Biography of Olympic Figure Skater Oksana Baiul Oksana Bauil (born Oksana Serhiyivna Baiul, November 16, 1977) is an Olympic figure skater from Ukraine. Bauil was the first athlete from Ukraine to win Olympic gold in any sport, but her post-career personal troubles put her in the headlines for different reasons. Soviet Childhood Oksana was born in Dnepropetrovsk, a military-industrial city, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (then part of the Soviet Union). Her parents, Sergei and Marina, divorced when she was only two years old, and Sergei disappeared shortly after, whether of his own choice or due to disapproval from the town after the divorce. Oksana was raised by her mother and her maternal grandparents. At the age of three, Oksana began figure skating lessons, as well as ballet. Ultimately, she preferred skating, and by the age of five, she was training with Stanislav Koritek, a well-respected coach in Ukraine. Her family paid for all her expenses, even as they mounted. However, she suffered several losses close together: her grandparents died in 1987 and 1988, and then, in 1991, her mother Marina died suddenly and unexpectedly from what turned out to be ovarian cancer. Oksana was only thirteen. Coaching Changes and Olympic Success Even after the deaths of all her closest family members, more loss was still to come for Oksana. Her coach Koritek moved to Canada in 1992 to coach there, since there was little to no support for figure skating in Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. With Oksanas promising career left dangling, the Ukrainian figure skating federation connected her with another coach, Galina Zmievskaya. Zmievskaya agreed not only to coach Oksana, but to allow her to live with her family in Odessa. Oksanas skating progressed rapidly under Zmievskayas tutelage. In 1993, she took home the silver medal at the European Championships, finishing behind French skater Surya Bonaly. At the World Championships that same year, she suffered an accident during practice that displaced disks in her back and neck and damaged the blades of her skates. She skated through the injury and equipment damage to win the world title at the age of fifteen. The 1993-1994 season would prove to be the peak of Oksanas career. She again won silver at Europeans (behind Bonaly, again) and was sent to the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, to represent Ukraine. After the short program portion of the competition, she was ranked second behind American Nancy Kerrigan. However, like at the previous World Championships, Oksana suffered an accident during practice before the free skate portion: a collision with German skater Tanja Szewcaenko resulted in a back injury and a cut on her leg requiring stitches. Nevertheless, she skated a strong free skate to overtake Kerrigan for Olympic gold. At the age of 16, she was the second-youngest Olympic skating champion in history at the time. Post-Olympic Struggles Despite her Olympic win, Oksana returned to a financially-struggling life in Ukraine. Even the conditions at the ice rink where she and fellow Ukrainian Olympian Viktor Petrenko practiced had been neglected due to lack of funds. Although she could have continued her amateur competitive career, the conditions and lack of support drove Oksana to turn professional instead. She and Zmievskaya negotiated her contract to tour in the United States. Although it was a more lucrative decision, the touring affected her health in several ways. Despite having knee surgery after the Olympics, she returned to the ice quickly in order to practice for touring shows, which permanently affected her ability to execute difficult jumps in particular. She also developed a drinking habit while on tour, which would haunt her for years, get her dropped from the Champions on Ice tour in 1997, and result in several scandalous headlines. In the mid-1990s, figure skating specials were commonplace on American television, and Oksana starred in two: The Nutcracker On Ice and The Wizard of Oz on Ice, both for CBS. the network also produced a 1994 television movie, A Promise Kept, about her life. After her drinking got her booted from the top-tier touring circuit, she continued to make appearances in skating shows, non-skating television programs, and charity shows. In November 2011, Oksana and her manager, Carlo Farina, found evidence of mismanagement of funds by her agency, William Morris. She successfully recovered $9.5 million. This was not the only lawsuit she engaged in. She also sued NBC for unauthorized use of her image, and accused Zmievskaya, Petrenko, and their manager Joseph Lemire of fraud and of falsely attempting to represent her in Ukrainian court proceedings. Present Day Oksana has mostly retired from public life. She married her manager Farina in 2015, changing her name to Oksana Baiul-Farina, and moving to Las Vegas. Unlike many other skaters of her era, she has not rejoined the skating world as a coach or commentator, instead leaving behind a single moment where she was the undisputed best in the world. Sources: Baiul, Oksana. Oksana: My Own Story. Random House, 1997.Oksana Baiul. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12 Nov. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oksana-Baiul

buy custom The Mongol Empire essay

buy custom The Mongol Empire essay The Mongol empire was strictly governed by its great ruler, Genghis Khan called Yassa which means Order or decree. This code became their standard rule and anybody caught violating severely faces the consequence. Like for instance, it was decreed that a mounted soldier must pick anything dropped by his companion ahead of him. If he fails to do so, death penalty will be imposed. This is how strict Genghis was in imposing his laws which greatly amazed the European travelers. Under this rule, the officials were chosen based on their credibility and religious tolerance. Thief and robbery was strictly forbidden as well as destruction of private properties. The Mongols are governed by non-democratic parliamentary-style ruling called Kurultai wherein the high-ranking officials gather and discuss legal issues with their highest ruler no other than the Great Khan. The Great Khan was liberal and tolerant when it comes to the belief of other people and nobody was prosecuted because of his/her religious background. Roger Bacon (1202-1292) commented that this may be due to their advanced culture and knowledge though some historians during the 20th century believed that it was a matter of military strategy so as not to inflict war on other countries. When Genghis Khan fought against Sultan Muhammad of Khwaresm, other Muslim leader did not join the Sultan as they viewed it as a personal fight between the two and not on religious issues. During the time of Genghis Khan, each religion was free to find their converts ranging from Buddhism, Christianity, Manichaeism and Islam. To avoid conflicts, Genghis established a non-sectarian institution though he was a shamanist by belief. Under his domain, religious leaders were exempted from taxes and public service. Religious debates were organized by the Mongol emperors through members of the clergy with larg e audience to participate. The lifestyle of the Mongols was somewhat nomadic in nature so there were only few worship places in formal setting. During the Mongolian Empire, communication was vastly enhanced. Trading routes were created and the postal system called yam was established. Traders, couriers and travelers from China, Middle East and Europe made use of the system. Somtimes, capitals were made available for the Merchants as part of their partnership with the Mongols hence; they likewise enjoy the protection of the Mongols as they passed through the Mongolian realms covering from Mediterranean basin going to China which was later known as the famous Silk Road by the travelers. Genghis Khan introduced literacy through education in writing by using Uighurcharacters in Mongol language which is still being used in Inner Mongolia today. Although taxes were heavy to other individuals in the empire, teachers, lawyers and artists were exempted from paying their taxes. On the other hand, he imposed massive heavy punishment to those who disobeyed the Mongol orders by destroying the cities and the populace slaughtered. After Genghis, the merchant partner business continued to flourish under his successors Ogedei and Guyuk. Merchants brought clothing, food, and other provisions to the imperial palaces, and in return the Great Khans gave the merchants tax exemptions, and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire. Merchants also served as tax farmers in China, Russia and Iran. If the merchants were attacked by bandits, losses were made up from the imperial treasury During the time of %u04E6gedei, he established respective places of worship in Karakorum for his followersalongside the palaces. Though his wife was a Mongol Christian the dominant religion was Shamanism, Tengriism and Buddhism. His other brothers were converted to Islam faith. After the death of Genghis Khan, %u04E6gedei and Guyuk continued with the partnership in mercantile business. Merchants bring in food, clothing and other necessities to the palaces. In return, the merchants were exempted from paying taxes. Further, they were sanctioned to use the Empires official relay stations. Policies gradually changed during the rule of Mongke, the Great Khan. Due to excessive money laundering and overtaxing, he ordered all merchants to pay revenue taxes. This policy continued until Kublai Khan came to the throne. Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty and Yuan communication system. More relays with hostels were made. Consequently, different successions took iits part. The fall of the mighty Mongolian Empire led to the downfall of trade and commerce on the Silk Road. In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the native Chinese and establish their own; the Ming Dynasty and lived independently, totally isolated from other outside forces. Genghis Khans conquests had greatly changed the demography of its people. Its mortality rate decreased considerably though research indicates that the Black Deathduring the 13th century or better known as Bubonic Plaguecaused the vast decline of population from China, Mongolian Empire and across Europe up to 14th century. It was said that when the Genoese traders came to Crimean peninsula, they were under siege by the Mongolian warriors who were already getting weak being infected by the disease. They scattered the infected corpses as their biological weapon. The Genoese traders left bringing with them the plague into their ships which rapidly spread towards Europe. An estimate of about 75 Million people died from the pandemic. China declined by half. Others said that it was the result of Mongol ferocity but scholars like Frederick W. Mote asserted that the fear of being captured and enslaved by the Mongols caused the people to just disappear altogether. William McNeill and David Morgan likewise argue that the main reason of demographic decline was the Bubonic Plague. After the fall of Mongolian Empire it was a Blessing in Disguise for the people during the 15th century. Perhaps, people got tired to war and captivity for a hundred years that all they want during the 15th century was a renaissance for everybody. I therefore conclude that the renaissance was a turning point for all individuals who had suffered the bitterness in war during the 1300 to 14500 and the Black Death had greatly changed the peoples lives from the Dark Era to a more promising renaissance. The chart above shows the effect of the Black Death and its impact. Despite of everything, Genghis Khan has shaped and had led history into the world of contemporary art and technology. Buy custom The Mongol Empire essay

MBA Programme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

MBA Programme - Essay Example We optimize the economic value of new commercial property. The deals take the form of sales and leasing agreements. We have four employees directly engaged in negotiations and 12 outsourced professionals including lawyers, accountants, and building engineers. Under management we presently have two new buildings (95 thsd. sq.m.), with a potential worth of 180 mln euro. Our team is proud of the previous project - the Omega Plaza 110 thsd. sq.m. office center. This project was fully leased to 175 clients within a year. Gross revenue from the business center this year is 28 mln euro. Currently, the property owners are selling the building to a real estate investment fund that is interested in dividend income between 170-190 mln euro. Among our clients are BNP Paribas, Thomson Reuters, Nikon and Sviaznoy, the second largest digital retailer in Russia. My personal responsibilities within the company include maintaining relations with property shareholders, deal origination, execution supervision, budgeting and controls. In the next few years, I plan to offer other services at earlier stages of the property development cycle. The best opportunities I see are in the area of strategic partnerships between Western developers who possess modern construction technologies and expertise and between local developers who have land bank and local connections. 1. Please give your objectives for attending the INSEAD Executive MBA Programme. What would you like to achieve over the next 5 years, and how could the INSEAD Executive MBA contribute to achieving these plans? What are your alternatives to INSEAD? (500 words approx.) Objectives for attending INSEAD Executive MBA Programme My overarching objectives in attending the INSEAD Executive MBA Programme are to sharpen my skills and advance my career. I believe that modern business environments require flexibility and continuous learning. I use every opportunity to gain new knowledge and improve my current skills. As an experienced executive I see the MBA programme as a natural step to gain the world’s best business education. Though I have a strong financial background and deep knowledge of the real estate industry, I need further improvement of my soft skills to advance my career. To explore new opportunities I need to assess my career plans from a new perspective. I have a solid car eer, yet I am always open to new opportunities. Who knows, maybe after school I will begin a start-up company in China or launch a subsidiary of a Russian mining company in South Africa. I am seeking these kinds of challenges. 5 years plan Currently, I’m considering two options. In the first option, I will expand my real estate business and it will serve as both a property management and a property developing (design, fund raising, construction) company. I am also considering an Internet start-up project in the gaming industry. In the second option, I will return to my corporate career, preferably in a Russian company working in international business. In this case, I am interested in a business development position where I can explore my executive skills and have entrepreneurial challenges. INSEAD contribution To advance my personal development I have a strong motivation to continue my business education. My former education was formally devoted to finance (accounting, inves tment analysis, management accounting, advanced finance) and is short in terms of marketing, management, and soft skills disciplines. To build an international network I want to be an INSEAD alumni: part of a team that shares a similar interest for personal development and a commitment to making a difference. Last year I tried to launch a payment terminals company in the Baltic States. Despite the project being put aside, I was

International Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Analysis - Essay Example Furthermore, given the reltively smll economic size of these economies, even smll mount of foreign investment cn ccount for lrge percentge of their totl investment nd therefore generte significnt impct. The spred of multintionl firms ws often viewed with suspicion nd mistrust in such countries, prticulrly in those tht pursued strtegy of import substitution. In this pper I will tke look t both positive nd negtive effects of multintionl firms on the economies of developing ntions. I will rgue tht such compnies through their ctivity provide FDI in the economies tht re still under development nd spek bout pros nd cons of the globliztion in frmes of multintionl firms. The concept of linkges will be discussed in order to understnd the link between the multintionl firm nd the effect interntionliztion on the economies of developing ntions. Multiple mrket forces re behind the observed growth of multintionl firms: reduction in costs of communiction hs esed the constrints on globl rtionliztion of production nd the informtion technology revolution hs creted mrkets for mny new products nd services. Incresed world trde in services hs further contributed to globliztion of multintionl firms since services often require suppliers to hve physicl presence in mrket. However, chnges in the mrket environment do not cpture the whole story. Policy inititives hve plyed centrl role: mny countries hve gone further thn simply removing brriers to inwrd multintionl firms nd hve tken more pro-ctive pproch towrd ttrcting multintionl firms to enter the mrkets of developing countries through the use of fiscl nd finncil incentives. This new, more fvorble, policy environment in mny developing nd formerly communist countries contrsts shrply with historicl ttitudes towrd multintionl firms in these countries. The recent wve of liberliztion of trde nd FDI policies suggests tht the optimistic view of multintionl firms seems to be gining the upper hnd. One mnifesttion of this trend of liberliztion is the prolifertion of bilterl investment treties cross countries: there now exist 1,513 bilterl investment treties mong countries, compred with fewer thn 400 t the beginning of 1990 (UNCTD 1998). Of course, the filure of import substitution s strtegy for development is crucil reson behind this remrkble turnround in policies in mny developing countries. Within the more optimistic view of effects of multintionl firms to the economy of developing ntions is tht it pushes forwrd the process of industril development by creting linkges with the rest of the economy Fundmentl concepts In clssic work, Hirschmn (1958) developed the concepts of bckwrd nd forwrd linkges nd nlyzed their importnce for economic growth. In his own words: The setting up of n industry brings with it the vilbility of new expnding mrket for its inputs whether or not these inputs re supplied initilly from brod. This enhnced mrket exerts bckwrd pressure for estblishing industries tht supply the new entrnts. He clls this process bckwrd linkge effects: Every non-primry ctivity will induce ttempts to supply through domestic production the inputs needed in tht ctivity. Similrly, forwrd linkge effects re creted when one industry uses nother industry's outputs s its inputs: Every ctivity tht does not by its nture cter exclusively to finl