Leadership Study Essay -- Leadership

The ability to be a leader has been studied extensively. Throughout this extensive study, some have pointed to leadership being a born trait (Northouse, 2012) while others point to the ability to learn the skills associated with becoming a great leader (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy, 2012). While each side has its own valid points, one way to argue either way to see these skills in action. Whether these skills are seen in a high school student government association or the office of a large nationwide non-profit, they are present. The study of leadership has led to the description of several different styles of leadership. These styles include legitimate, expert, information, connections, referent, coercion and reward power. No matter the type of experiences a person has, they will most likely see these types of power. Legitimate power may be one of the easiest forms of power to identify. Hughes and colleagues (2012) refer to legitimate power as one’s formal or official authority. This power is mostly appointed, but can be given through democratic processes (Sager, 2008). A leader who asks someone to complete a task or assigns a specific role to someone can be seen as legitimate. Local culture, as defined by the bureaucratic and chain of command within an organization, is a great way to identify who has legitimate power. A call center environment is a great example of this legitimate power hierarchy. Within one such environment the company was divided amongst several different leaders. The top of the hierarchy was the channel manager, who is held accountable to the client. Below this level are two managers who assign the task of contacting customers to those employees who make direct contact with clients. These two managers mon... ...l and the organization. Works Cited Culley, M.R. and Hughes, J. (2008). Power and public participation in a hazardous waste dispuit: A community case study, American journal of community psychology, 41, 98-114. DOI: 10.1007/s10464-007-9157-5. Hughes, R., Ginnett, R., & Curphy, G. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. (7 ed.). Montouri, Amsterdam: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Northouse, P. (2012). Leadership: Theory and practice. (6 ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publishing. Sager, J. (2008) Sources of power. In Rothman, J, Erlich, J.L. and Tropman, J.E. (Eds.), Stratgeies of community intervention (pp. 425-446). Peoesta, Iowa, Eddie Bowers publishing co. inc.. Strom, S. (9 July 2008) Funds misappropriated at 2 non-profit groups. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/09/us/09embezzle.html?_r=1 on May 25, 2012.

Eudora Welty Research Paper

She was the oldest of three children and the only girl of a very close-knit family. Her father, Christian Webb Welt, was an Ohio native who worked for an Insurance company. Her mother, Mary Chastens Welt, had been a schoolteacher In West Flagella. Welt's mother, being a schoolteacher, loved to read and Influenced Welt to read at a young age. In her biography, Welt tells about her earliest memories of her parents reading to her and to each other at night.She was always surrounded by books and was always reading. Her love of reading led her to graduate high school and further her education, which most girls during this time did not do. Welt had potential that did not go to waste. Eduardo Welt became a well-known, skilled writer who used her own background and experiences to help shape her stories into something captivating, stressing the importance of place in each and every story (Kerosene). She began her studies at the Mississippi State College for Women. Here, she helped start a lit erary magazine.Two years later, she began studying at the university of Wisconsin and earned her bachelor's degree there. After Informing her arenas that she wanted to become a writer, her father suggested she have something else to fall back on. Upon his advice, she decided to study advertising at the Columbia university School of Business. The job industry was tough when she graduated, so Welt decided to move back to Jackson (Machismo). After moving back home to Jackson, she began working for a local radio station and wrote about the society of Jackson for the Commercial Appeal in Memphis.Five years after taking this job, she began working for the Works Progress Administration, which was a government program established during the Depression, as a publicity gent. Welt thoroughly enjoyed this Job, which enabled her to travel all over Mississippi and see things she had never seen before. The people she saw amazed her and worried her at the same time. She used a cheap camera to captu re pictures of everything she saw and documented It for the WAP. She wished for these pictures to be published, but they only went so far as to be exalted In New York.She also interviewed various people, each one intriguing her more and more (Prose). Through her experiences working with the Works Progress Administration, she got a huge feel of Southern life outside of Jackson. This was the starting point for her future in writing her stories. Location was of great importance in Welt's stories. She believed that place was what made stories seem real and complete. One of Welt's famous quotes is, â€Å"A place that ever was lived in is like a fire that never goes out. Jackson was her home all of her life, and it was what she knew best. She Incorporated this familiarity and Intimacy so flawlessly into her work and It is this that draws the reader in. It is so apparent that heart Is put Into her writings. Although most of her stories are set In the deep south, most critics Greer that he r work Is all-inclusive and not narrowed Just to southern living, language, and customs (Moloch). She Is able to detach from what she knows best and observe other aspects of the world.Neither of her parents were originally from Living in New York for a few years also broadened her horizons. She said it best when she said, â€Å"Through travel I first became aware of the outside world; it was through travel that I found my own introspective way into becoming a part of it. † With all of her experiences tied together piece by piece, story by story, Eduardo Welt became a well-known, award winning writer (Discussions). Eduardo Welt explained in her autobiographical work, One Writer's Beginnings, how her fiction stories grew from this â€Å"sheltered life† that she lived.This book was published later, in 1984, and consisted of three different lectures that she gave at Harvard University, with the sections being titled: â€Å"Listening†, â€Å"Learning to See†, and â€Å"Finding a Voice†. She used this book to give an explanation of what makes a writer become a writer and to show her natural roots. She explains how she converted this part of her life into a new and different perception, and from this, she wrote her fiction. Using a series of expressive memories, she described in detail her life as she was growing up.She used memories that she felt were â€Å"significant†, which kept the reader wanting to read more, instead of growing bored. She says it best herself in only a few sentences: â€Å"Long before I wrote stories, I listened for stories. Listening for them is something more acute than listening to them. I suppose it's an early form of participation in what goes on. Listening children know stories are there. When their elders sit and begin, children are Just waiting and hoping for one to come out, like a mouse from its hole. (Welt) Welt's first published short story of her career was written in 1936 called â€Å"De ath of a Traveling Salesman†.She sent this story, along with a letter, to the editors of a magazine called Manuscript. The magazine published her story and her letter in their June issue. The story was very well written for it to be her first, and showed that she knew what she was doing. Two admired publications, the Atlantic and the Southern Review, allowed Welt's work to appear their magazines within Just two years Cones). Her talent in her first story was recognized by the author Katherine Anne Porter. Porter went on to write a complimentary preface for Welt's first book, A Curtain of Green, full of Welt's short stories.This introduction boosted the American awareness of Welt's work. Welt's first novel, Delta Wedding, was published in 1946 (Discussions). A few decades after Welt's career launched, around 1956, she began having troubles at home. Her brother's arthritis became more severe, disabling him and also causing heart problems. Just as this problem occurred, Welt's mo ther had a series of strokes. The strokes took a huge toll on Welt's mother, and it left her all but blind. More problems followed these already troubled times. Her other brother fell into a depression, and it wasn't his first.He was also afflicted with the same arthritis that had taken over their brother (Mars). For almost ten years, Welt fought through many battles, seeing family members and friends close to her suffer through illnesses, some less fortunate in their struggle than others. Theses hardships limited her writing, but in the long run, they only made her and her work stronger. She was finally able to finish her novel, Losing Battles, in 1970 (Vandalized). This was the one piece of work that took Welt the longest to make. In reviewing the book for the

Analyse The Business Model Of Supermarket Chain Aldi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2427 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Analyse the business model of supermarket chain Aldi Introduction Aldi, a German supermarket chain, entered the UK market in 1990 and now operates a network of over 500 stores (Aldi, 2014). The competitive landscape for UK supermarkets is fierce (Sandberg, 2013) with many different strategies being adopted, each aligned to a different segment of the market. Aldi focuses on delivering a basic, value for money shopping experience (Naslund, 2013). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyse The Business Model Of Supermarket Chain Aldi" essay for you Create order Such a cost leadership strategy and lower cost structure enables discount companies to enter and take a larger percentage share of the market (Harvard Business Review, 2005). As consumers focus on saving money in times of recession, the business model used by Aldi presents an opportunity to save money on weekly food shopping whilst still buying healthy food. Supermarkets following a low cost leadership strategy often stock the same product as their rivals but deliver it under a different service model (Harvard Business Review, 2005). Smaller companies, such as Aldi, do not spend as much time publicising their plans or marketing their products, this can create competitive advantage as they are less exposed to public opinion. This leads to an information gap, however it also allows them to develop and grow quickly whilst adapting to the changing trends (Skordili, 2013). The increased demand for cheaper food is better served by discount retailers. It also removes a significant cost a ssociated with in store branding, technology and functionality, enabling the same or similar products to be offered cheaper. The external business environment is made up of two elements; the general macro environment which takes a wide lens view of the environment in which the business operates and the micro view which focuses on the specific industry or sector in which the business operates (McLean, 2005). The external environment refers to events or trends, which are relevant to the business, as well as being uncontrollable by the business. The external environment directly contributes to the success or failure of the business, for example in 2010 Aldi left the marketplace in Greece citing unfavourable external factors as the reason (Skordili, 2013). By understanding the external environment leaders make better decisions (Kefalas, 1981); knowing the likely impact of that decision and knowing what might affect the organisation in the future. The external business environment is changing faster than ever (Mason, 2007) and therefore being able to understand, anticipate and adapt to changing trends is a key leadership skill (Kotter, 1996). This essay presents an analysis of the external business environment in which Aldi UK operates. Analysis of the general macro environment using PEST before a more focused analysis of the retail supermarket sector is conducted using Porters Five Forces Model in order to draw conclusions. The External Business Environment Stacey (2011) explains that the dynamic of this macro external market place can be categorised into a number of headings for the purpose of analysis. PEST allows a business to periodically scan the environment to anticipate future trends as well as identify current challenges. PEST scanning splits the environment into 4 key factors: Political, Economic, Social and Technology. This is a commonly used, simple model which allows the general market to be scanned. The micro external environment was described by Porter as being concerned with getting raw materials to consumers, suppliers to buyers and how the connection are made in a competitive way (Linstead, Fulop and Lilley, 2004). In this model the specific sector or market in which the organisation operates is analysed, this allows the specific market challenges within that sector to be understood for that organisation. To undertake this micro level analysis Porter created a model called the Five Forces which looks at the interac tion between the forces. At the heart of the model is competitive rivalry which is impacted by 4 other forces: Power of suppliers Threat of new entrants Power of customers Threat of substitutes Porter argued success was created by the organisations ability to negotiate with suppliers to get the right prices which enable a low cost leadership model or enable larger margins. By putting itself in this position the organisation remains in the driving seat. PEST Analysis There are a number of factors which Aldi need to consider as part of their PEST analysis of the UK marketplace. The Political Environment The UK elections in May 2015 may result in a change of government. A new government may impose new legislation, tax implications and market conditions. Furthermore, with some of the parties pledging a European referendum as part of their campaign, such a move could lead to the UK leaving the European Union which, as a German company, may present a further risk which will need to be addressed. Employment legislation continues to change on a regular basis, 2015 has already seen significant changes with the introduction of shared parental leave (ACAS, 2015). There are continued discussions around the extension of paternity leave. Such changes have an economic impact on the business but also create risk that staff may take a case to tribunal. It is proposed that zero-hour contracts will be abolished in 2015 (ACAS, 2015), as a supermarket it is likely that seasonal staffing is used in busy periods such as Christmas. Without zero hour contracts this could become harder to staff and more expensive. As a European company, EU legislation is also a factor to consider as any change at a EU level will also have a direct impact on the organisation. The Economic Environment As the UK economy moves out of recession, there could be a change of buying behaviour from low-cost stores back to mainstream supermarkets. This shift could have a detrimental effect on market share. Aldi may need to consider how to compete in such conditions, if at all. During times of financial pressure consumers turn to cheaper food suppliers (Skordili, 2013), which has created an ideal market for Aldi in the UK and has contributed to its growth. This may in turn change demand, supply and fundamentally affect pricing creating instability in the company as customers go back to higher priced competitors. A change in government may also create a different in tax requirements, which could become more costly. Success is created through a finely tuned supply chain, with distribution and logistical capability becoming one of the key competitive weapons available (Sandberg, 2013). Aldi operates a model which has created success in Germany where the main point of competition is price, with consumers preferring lower levels of service and a narrower choice to enable a lower price (Fernie and Arnold, 2002). The Social Environment Discount chains could be met with a degree of social stigma, as the economy rises individuals may want to shop at more expensive leading names such as Tesco, Sainsburys or even Waitrose. The UK has an aging population (Cracknell, 2010), an older workforce may be more costly in terms of sickness and present further problems for employers. With the introduction of auto-enrolment for pension schemes this adds a further cost to the business as employers will have to contribute to employees pensions. As competitors such as Asda, Tesco and Sainsburys introduce a more diverse range of products including clothing, non food items, opticians, chemists, travel agencies and more which could see a change of buying behaviour. Competitors also offer a 24 hour opening service, as the way people work becomes more diverse over time will this see a change in buying habits. Aldi may need to consider this strategy as a way to maintain market share. This will carry increased costs both in terms of overheads and staffing costs. There have been a number of international companies highlighted in the press due to their accounting practice and what this means in terms of where they pay their tax (Barford and Holt, 2013) This could lead to a change in favour by UK consumers who may feel increased loyalty to UK established firms. By operating a narrower product range, Aldi has moved away from abundance of choice and created a streamlined shopping experience. Busy family life may benefit from this approach of making the shopping process quicker and more focused. The Technological Environment Online and mobile shopping is becoming increasingly popular (Butler, 2013), currently not offered by Aldi this may be a strategy that needs to be considered. This may also need to be enhanced with other technology led initiatives such as in-store media, self-checkout and access to Wifi. Technological infrastructures are a key component of the supply chain of the modern business, intelligent stock management and supply is key to success. Point of sale systems and checkout facilities are significantly different in larger stores, Aldi operates a traditional conveyor belt approach with no options for self service. Enhanced service from competitors such as offering to pack up bags for consumers creates a different in store experience however the average time per person will increase. Five Forces Analysis Within the grocery sector in the UK there is fierce competitive rivalry. A micro analysis is presented below: Threat of New Entrants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Low The threat of new entrants is relatively low due to the cost of entry and the competitive environments. The cost requirement for a new brand to establish itself in the market is high. Building a large retail estate network coupled with stock levels will take significant investment. As Tesco enters a period of decline, due to what is widely considered unethical practice, bad financial management and abuse of power (Proud, 2015). This may lead to a decline in consumer favour leading to opportunities for merger and acquisition of the brand. Threat of Substitute Products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Medium / HighBy offering a narrow product range, Aldi remains agile to changing trends. Products can be changed quickly in the event of changing market trends. Aldi operates relatively small stores therefore limiting the number of products that can be offered. Substituted could therefore be offered by larger stores, with more space to offer an increased product range. The Bargaining Power of Suppliers Low Supermarkets have greater bargaining power than suppliers, often pushing for discounts and favourable terms due to the scale of buying power (Proud, 2015). Suppliers may favour larger orders from the bigger competitors, therefore are less willing to offer discounts and offers to the Aldi chain. However Aldi still operates a chain of 500 stores so has a degree of buying power in its own right. It also has the additional power to buy across multiple countries in order to get favourable terms. The Bargaining Power of Buyers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" High Buyers can make choices about which supermarket to use very easily based on offers, availability of items and ease of access. Aldi does not offer a loyalty scheme so there is no additional incentive to return week on week. Rivalry among Existing Firms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" High The sector is subject to intense rivalry with a focus on cost. Many brands offer to match prices of their competitors and undertake price comparison activities. This fierce rivalry leads to aggressive marketing campaigns with each player trying to win market share from the other. This increase competitive activity creates additional costs through advertising and marketing as well as leading to reduced prices (Linstead, Fulop and Lilley, 2004. Aldi operates on a low level of fixed costs in order to deliver lower priced products, with competitors also targeting this lower price point this presents a risk to Aldi if they are not able or willing to invest in advertising to address such activity. Conclusions Aldi operates in a highly competitive market place, both the macro and micro perspectives show challenging market conditions. Whilst new entrants are unlikely there is a clear need to explore changing customer buying trends and how interactive routes to market contribute to customer loyalty. With buying patterns moving towards 24 hour shopping, online marketing and self-service, consideration needs to be made around whether this needs to be included in Aldis long term strategy. The UK election in May 2015 presents the most immediate challenge, particularly if that results in a change of government and possible European referendum. Should the UK leave the EU this is likely to present Aldi with a financial challenge as well as imposing possible import restrictions for products. Equally, such a move could also see buying trends move towards British companies. Aldi continues to thrive in the market, however a change in the disposable income of its customers may also change buying habits. Focus on retention of market share needs to be integrated into the strategic sustainability plans, particularly in the absence of any loyalty schemes. Continual development and alignment to its target market is critically important to maintain market share and ultimately survive. Consideration needs to be made around what consumers want from their experience. By undertaking market research and focus groups Aldi will be able to understand what is working and what may be useful to start to consider. In a world where change is the norm it should be expected that all businesses will have to adapt and become more agile to some degree. References: ACAS (2015). www.acas.org Aldi (2014). www.aldisuppliers.co.uk Auyama, Y. (2007). Oligopoly and the Structural Paradox of Retail TNCs: an assessment of Carrefour and Walmart in Japan. Journal of Economic Geography. 7. P471-490. Barford, V. and Holt, G. (2013). Google, Amazon, Starbucks: The rise of tax shaming. BBC News (retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20560359) Butler, S. (2013). Online and Upward: UK internet shopping hits record high. The Guardian (retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/17/online-internet-shopping-high-street-record) Cracknell, R. (2010). The Ageing Population. Key Issues for the New Parliament. House of Parliament Library Research. (retrieved from https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/key_issues/Key-Issues-The-ageing-population2007.pdf) Fernie, J. and Arnold, S. (2002). Walmart in Europe; prospects for Germany, the UK and France. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Manage ment. 30 (2). P 92à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"102. Harvard Business Review (2005). Strategy; create and implement the best strategy for your business. Boston, MA. Kefalas, A. G. (1981). Analysing Changes in the External Business Environment. Planning Review. 9 (4). P26-46. Kotter, J. P. (1996). Kill Complacency. Fortune. 5. P 122-4. Linstead, S., Fulop, L. and Lilley, S. (2004). Management and Organisation; a critical text. Palgrave, New York. NY. McLean, J. (2005). Management Techniques and Theories. British Journal of Administrative Management. 48. 17-17. Mason, R. B. (2007). The External Environment Effect on Management and Strategy. Management Decisions. 45 (1). P10-28. Naslund, D. (2013). Keeping the Customer (relatively) satisfied. Strategic Direction. 30 (3). P13-15. Proud, A. (2015). The decline of Tesco is a good, old-fashioned morality tale. The Guardian. (retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/11351115/The-decline-of-Tesco-is-a-good-old- fashioned-morality-tale.html) Sandberg, E. (2013). Understanding logistics-based competition in retail; a business model approach. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management. 41(3). P.176-188. Skordili, S. (2013). The Sjourn of Aldi in Greece. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research. 8 (1). Stacey, R.D. (2011). Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. Laureate Education Inc. London, England.

The Aristotles Idea of a Good Life Essay - 1037 Words

Question: What is Aristotle’s idea of a good life and why does he view a good life in this way? Is Aristotle’s understanding of a good life accurate? Why or why not? (Make sure to talk about the concept of the mean). To Aristotle leading a good life, for the most part, means fulfilling one’s purpose in a way that is good by balancing life’s pleasures. In order to determine if an object fulfills its function in a good way, we must first consider the object. If we were to agree that a car should be reliable, then we could also agree that reliable car should be considered a good car. Similarly, animals, for example, possess certain traits like the power of locomotion, and the desire to seek nourishment and reproduce. According to†¦show more content†¦Aristotle studied under Plato, who studied under Socrates, yet Aristotle tended to be more real-world oriented with regard to how he thought. Aristotle has come to be known as the father of logic, and has been credited as the first person to classify knowledge in specific categories like mathematics, and biology. Indeed, his sound reasoning skills and belief in the scientific method form the framework for much of his work, and his idea of a good life is probably no different (Richter, 2008). Aristotle was an observer of nature, and recognized the need for balance in natural systems. He could have reasoned that since humans are products of nature, we too must find a balance with-in our environments. This probably led to the idea of a golden mean, or balance between two extremes that humans should strive to achieve. The golden mean is not an exact middle or average in the mathematical sense, but rather a flexible guideline that can vary depending on the situation. In this way, it could be said that courage is the desirable trait that exists between cowardliness and recklessness. However, where courage lies between these two extremes varies from situation to situation, so a baseline cannot be defined to cover every case. For example, risking one’s life in battle to save the lives of others would be considered a courageous act, while risking one’s life through heavy alcohol orShow MoreRelatedOedipus And Aristotle s Definition Of A Tragic Hero1466 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus exemplifies or refutes Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. Thesis Statement: Oedipus is the personification of Aristotle’s characterization of a tragic hero through his ability to maintain and keep his virtue and wisdom, despite his shortcomings and situation in life. Introduction I. Tragic Hero A. Definition of a tragic hero B. Oedipus’ Character II. Tragedy A. Language of Tragedy B. Tragedy and its affects on audience III. Plot A. Aristotle’s idea of a tragic plot B. MeaningRead MoreReview of Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics1388 Words   |  6 Pagesan introduction by Hye-Kyung Kim. 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Family Health Assessment - 1655 Words

Family Health Assessment Shaila Rahman Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Melanie Gray MSN October 19, 2014 Family Health Assessment Gordons Functional Health Patterns provide a useful structural guideline that help nurse or any health care provider to assess any family’s health status and develop a nursing diagnosis according to their need to improve their quality of life. Through each of these eleven patterns of health assessment, nurse can create a systemic approach and gather information which help them to understand a family values from each prospect of human health status. The health assessment begin with asking two or three open ended questions to a selected family. This family is a young†¦show more content†¦The mother thinks every woman has concerns or dislikes with their body but she feels very content being a stay at home mom and care provider for her husband. It brings her a lot of joy. Role Relationship The couple is very happy with their great partnership. The mother enjoys as being caregiver. She takes care of the home, make sure everything is neat and organized. She plans everything, and ensure that her husband has no worries in regard to home life. She expressed that she always try to be spontaneous and keep their relationship fresh so it does not get stagnant. Sexuality Family looks little concern regarding their sexual life but overall, she thinks it is good. It is part of life and a healthy relationship with her husband. Mother thinks that it might be wonderful if they manage to get away without the baby for a night to improve their sexual relationship. Coping The family looks very stress-free and relaxed. She stated that she does not really have a significant amount of stress, it is just the normal everyday things associated with parenthood and running a household. She feels relieved and rejuvenated when she runs. 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The AmericanRead MoreFamily Health Assessment : Family Assessment1884 Words   |  8 Pages Family Health Assessment The family assessment involves a simultaneous data collection on individual family members or if able the whole family. The nurses and other healthcare professionals interview individuals and family as a whole to understand and assess the health of the family. This interview help professionals detecting the possible origin or factors contributes to the family’s health problems. The Gordon’s functional health pattern will be used as a model to collect and organizeRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1252 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment A family health assessment is an important tool in formulating a health care plan for a family. This paper will discuss the nurse’s role in family assessment and how this task is performed. A nurse has an important role in health promotion. To perform these tasks the author has chosen a nuclear family. By the use of family focused open ended questions, 11 functional health patterns were covered. This principle is known as the Gordon’s functional health patterns.Read MoreFamily Health Assessment1375 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Using Gordon’s functional health patterns to assess a family will guide the nurse in developing a comprehensive nursing assessment that is holistic in nature. Gordon’s functional health patterns are founded on 11 principles that are incorporated within the nursing practice. These 11 principles serve as a framework for a thorough nursing assessment in which to build a holistic and individual family care plan (Grand Canyon University, 2011). The author has developed family-focusedRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1150 Words   |  5 Pagesremember the family has an important role in the paradigm of health promotion for the patient. The roles in which the family plays in assisting the patient and providing care are crucial to the health of the patient and the well being of the family as a whole. One tool to assess not only a patient and their views on different aspects of health, but an entire family or even community is Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns. This as sessment tool incorporates eleven topics of health patterns. Health patternsRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1461 Words   |  6 PagesHeritage Assessment: Evaluation of families, cultures and views on health Anniemae Stubbs Grand Canyon University Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion NURS 429 Professor Alma Celaya June 19, 2016 Heritage Assessment: Evaluation of families , cultures and views on health Cultural Heritage is a concept that is passed on from one generation to the next that depicts how people live, act, behave, or think. It can be a noticeable or vague manifestation. It includes various customsRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1085 Words   |  5 PagesFAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT This assessment was conducted after interviewing the Nelson family using Gordon’s functional health pattern. Marjorie Gordon developed a method to be used by nurses in the nursing process to provide a comprehensive nursing assessment. It includes eleven principles for the collection of data and helps the nurse identify two or more wellness nursing diagnoses. It is a systematic and standardized approach to data collection (â€Å"functional health† n.d.)Read MoreHealth Assessment Of Families And Their Health1399 Words   |  6 PagesHealth is directly related to the activities in which we participate in, the food we eat, and the substances to which we are exposed to daily. Where we live and work, our gender, age, and genetic makeup also impact our health. (Nies, 2011) Assessments of family’s health are to help focus on the control and prevention of diseases. Health assessment assist in determining an individual’s perception of their quality of life along with the family’s perception as a whole. This also helps to define a person’sRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1465 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Family health and wellness can be influenced by many factors such as society, culture, religion, and family members. Somehow, society, culture, religion and families are connected to each other. To understand an individual, it’s important to understand the family system of an individual. Health practices, whether effective or ineffective, are activities performed by individuals or families as a whole to promote health and prevent disease (Edelman, 2010). A family healthRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1537 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Health Assessment Melody Moore Grand Canyon University NRS-429V Instructor: Renita Holmes May 10th 2013 Family Health Assessment A comprehensive family assessment provides a foundation to promote family health (Edelmanamp;Mandle, 2011).Gordon’s functional health patterns is a method developed by Marjorie Gordon in 1987 in which she proposed functional health patterns as a guide to establishing a comprehensive data base.(Kriegleramp;Harton,1992).Gordon’s eleven functional health

ASS Database Design and Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theASS Database Design and Development. Answer: Normalization The sample solution of ASS database is used for mapping the ERD into a set of relations into 3 NF. The table Employee EmployeeID PK Full Name Street City State postCode Phone EmployeeType For making it in 3 NF the following new table is created Employee (EmployeeID PK, Full Name, Address (Street, City, State, postCode), Phone, Type, Noof ExperienceYears, Certificate Level) ClientID PK Full Name Street City State postCode Phone IsSenior The client table in already generalized and thus no changes are made in the client table Client (ClientID PK, Full Name, Address (Street, City, State), Phone, Seniority Level) The car table given in the example is RegnNbr PK Make Model Colour Produced Year Price Warranty Due date Purchasedfrom ASS To make it in 3NF the following table is created Car (RegNo PK, Make, Model, Colour, Manufacturing Year, Price, WarrantyDue Date, PurchasedFromASS) The service table given in the example is JobNbr PK JobDescription ServiceDate TotalCost The service table after normalization Service (JobNbr PK, JobDescription, Service Date, TotalCost, StartTime, FinishTime, LabourCost) Parts table before normalization PartID PK PartDescription PricePerUnit The parts table after normalization PartUsed (PartID PK, JobNbr FK, QuantityUsed, PartCost) The car and the client is selected from the relation and the functional dependency that exist with the relation are given below: Client (ClientID PK, Full Name, Address (Street, City, State), Phone, Seniority Level) Client has the following functional dependency and is given below ClientID FullName, Address, Phone, Level For the client table the client ID is the primary key and the transitive dependency are removed for normalizing the table into 3NF. The removal of the transitive dependency does not affect the database and still it can be joined to get the information about the client using the client ID. The risk of redundancy during the insertion of data in the table is removed my making the table into third normal form and removal of the dependency. Car (RegNo PK, Make, Model, Colour, Manufacturing Year, Price, WarrantyDue Date, PurchasedFromASS) The car table is created and the functional dependency of the car table is demonstrated below: RegNo Model, Maker, Color, ProducedYear, CarPrice, WarrantyPeriod The table contains the registration number of the car and the model, manufactured year, car price, WarrantyDue, PurchasedFromASS. The transitive dependency is removed from the table and normalized into 3NF for reduction of the redundancy of data and resolve the duplicate entry issues raised during the entry of data into the tables. The car table can be joined using the registration number and all the data required can be fetched by joining the tables. Implementation of Relational Database Microsoft Access is used for the development of the relational database of the system. Short Implementation report The two interesting things or procedures that were learnt during the advancement of the assignment is the preparation of the report and the removal of the transitive dependency between the tables. It is important to remove the transitive dependency between the tables for making the table in third normal form. The complexity faced during the development of the database is generalization of the table into 3NF but the previous solution was deeply analyzed for the preparation of the preparation of the database. The dateAdd and the Date methods was studied for the getting different outcomes from the database and the use of now() function is also studied for getting an effective result of the querry and fetch the date and time from the computer. The most complex task in the assignment The complexity of the assignment lies during the setting of the constraints in the car table i.e. the registration number and linking it with the other table i.e the customer to get the appropriate outcome of the querry. The complexity of the report was resolved by taking an input mask that is new and a lot of time is spend for the implementation. Bibliography Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016. Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Harrington, J.L., 2016. Relational database design and implementation. Morgan Kaufmann. Hsieh, W.C.Y., Lloyd, A. and Veach, E.H., Google Inc., 2017. Systems and methods of increasing database access concurrency using granular timestamps. U.S. Patent 9,747,310. Kinser, A.S., Hammerle, P.P., Kinser, E.P., Lending, D.P. and Nightingale-Massart, J.P., 2013. Your Office: Microsoft Access 2013, Comprehensive. Prentice Hall Press.

Interpreter of maladies guide free essay sample

‘Interpreter of Maladies’ pages 43-69 Summary of the story Mr. and Mrs. Das are arguing at the first rest stop about whose turn it is to take their daughter to the toilet. Mr. Das complains he bathed her the night before. Mrs. Das gets out of Mr. Kapasis car to take Tina. It is a Saturday in mid-July. Mr. Kapasi is driving the Das family from their hotel to the Sun Temple at Konarak. He is assigned to pick up foreign tourists because he speaks English. The Dass also have two boys, Ronny and Bobby. The parents are under thirty and look Indian but dress like foreigners. Mr. Das squeezes Mr. Kapasis hand greeting him like an American. Mr. Das holds a tour book titled INDIA and wears shorts, T-shirt, sneakers and camera around his neck. Ronny exits the car to see a goat. Bobby stays in the car. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpreter of maladies guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. Das tells him to watch his brother but Bobby says he doesnt feel like it. Mr. Kapasi tells Mr. Das the goats are tame. Mr. Kapasi asks if he left India as a child. Mr. Das explains he and Mrs. Das were born and raised in America but are visiting their parents who retired in India. Tina returns. Mr. Das indicates this is her first trip to India and asks her where Mina is. Mr. Kapasi finds it strange Mr. Das asks his daughter about her mother using her first name. Tina points to her mother buying something from a shirtless man at the stall. As she walks away, the man sings part of a Hindi love song that Mrs. Das seems not to understand. Mr. Kapasi notices her short skirt and tight-fitting blouse like a mans undershirt. Mr. Das answers Mr. Kapasi they live in New Brunswick, New Jersey and he teaches science in middle school. Mr. Das compares his student trips to a New York Museum with Mr. Kapasis work as a tour guide. Mrs. Das returns and asks how long the trip is. Mr. Kapasi answers two and one half hours. Mr. Das responds the tour book says eighteen miles. Mr. Kapasi says its actually fifty-two miles and roads are poor. Mr. Kapasi checks the door locks before starting the car and leaving the tea stall. As they drive down the road, Ronny yells monkeys to what Bobby points at. Mr. Kapasi indicates they are common in the area as they jump into the road and on the car. They have only seen monkeys in a zoo. Mr. Das asks to stop so he can take pictures. Mrs. Das does her nails and tells Tina to leave her alone. The boys are confused by drivers on the opposite side than in America. Mr. Kapasi says he knows from watching ‘Dallas’. He thinks to himself the Das family act like brothers and sisters. The parents act just like an older brother and sister. Mrs. Das complains the car is not air-conditioned. She asks if Mr. Das saves fifty cents because of that. He tells her to quit complaining and its not so hot. Mr. Das asks Mr. Kapasi if his job is tiresome. He tells him to stop so he can take another picture. Mrs. Das looks away at the sky. Mr. Kapasi looks forward to guiding tours, and the Sun Temple is a favorite destination. He guides tours only on Friday and Saturday, and has a job in a doctors office the other days. Mr. Das asks if hes a doctor. Mr. Kapasi explains he interprets for a doctor who does not speak Gujarati. Mr. Das says thats interesting. Mrs. Das says its romantic. She puts her sunglasses atop her head. Her eyes meet Mr. Kapasis in a drowsy gaze through the rearview mirror. Mr. Das turns to her to ask whats romantic. She tells him she doesnt know. Then she asks Mr. Kapasi if he wants some gum and to tell them more about his job. He asks what she wants to know. She says a typical situation. So she can picture what happens she tilts her head and closes her eyes. Mr. Kapasi tells them of one. She says its neat, patients depend on him, he has a big responsibility and Mr. Das agrees. Mina explains that patients are more dependent on Mr. Kapasi than the doctor since neither understands the other without him. Mr. Kapasi reflects on what they say and how he never thinks of it that way. He thinks interpreting patient maladies is a failure to be the interpreter for diplomats and scholar of foreign languages he wanted. He remembers few foreign phrases anymore and his children know better English. He met the doctor when his son was sick and had to barter language skills for the medical treatment his son needed. The son died but he continues on with the doctor to pay their bills. This reminds his wife of their son. She never asks about his job. Mrs. Dass interest in it flatters him. Mr. Kapasi reflects on how his marriage and the Das couple seem similar. They both seem unhappily married to each other and have children to raise. He wonders if theyre a bad match also. He is exhilarated by her comment about his romantic job. He is happy to wear his good suit that morning and checks his reflection in the mirror while driving. He glances back at Mrs. Das and tells her more patient stories. The children look for monkeys, Mr. Das reads his tour book and Mr. Kapasi feels like hes talking alone with Mrs. Das. When they stop for lunch, Mrs. Das calls Mr. Kapasi to sit with them. When they finish Mr. Das tells Mr. Kapasi to move near Mrs. Das so he can take a picture. She asks for his address to send pictures. He writes it down and dreams about writing to her. The Das tour group arrives at the temple. Mr. Kapasi tells them its history and leads the family on a walking tour of the grounds. Mr. Das follows taking pictures. They pass by friezes of naked couples entwined in making love, elephant processions and topless female musicians. Mr. Kapasi sees Mrs. Das stare silently at the figures. He admires the back of her legs and points out features of Surya as he dreams of embracing her. He asks when they will return home. She says ten days. He hopes to hear from her in six weeks. The group starts back to the hotel. Mr. Kapasi thinks about ways he can make the tour last longer. He mentions a side trip to another site on the left and the children agree. Mr. Kapasi fantasizes what he will say to Mrs. Das and that he might take her hand. When they arrive she says her legs are tired and wont get out of the car. Mr. Das and children start up the hill. When Mr. Kapasi says he will join them to explain the caves Mrs. Das asks him to stay and gets into the front seat with him. Mina watches Raj and her children hike up the hill and confides in Mr. Kapasi. She says Bobby is not Rajs son. She explains they were young when they married and still in college. They had Ronny and she stayed at home to take care of the baby so she sees few friends. Raj didnt mind because he enjoys coming home to play with the baby. He invites a friend of his to stay with them. She makes love to him and conceives Bobby the afternoon he leaves. Mr. Kapasi refers to her as Mrs. Das, but she says he should not call her Mrs. She is twenty-eight and he probably has children her age. He is crestfallen that she thinks he is as old as her parents. She tells him her secret because of his talent. She has not told anyone for eight years. Raj doesnt even suspect her secret. She is in pain and hopes Mr. Kapasi knows what to say to relieve her so she feels better. Minas secret depresses Mr. Kapasi. He asks her if its pain or guilt that she feels. She glares at him to say something insulting then gets out of the car to walk up the hill. As she walks eating handfuls of puffed rice, bits fall on the ground. The bits attract monkeys that pursue her up the hill. Mr. Kapasi follows so as not to alarm her by calling out. Mrs. Das calls out to Mr. Das to wait for her. Mr. Kapasi chases off the monkeys as he catches up with the Das family. Mr. Das asks where Bobby is. Mrs. Das asks whats wrong with all of them. They call for him but do not hear his screams. He is surrounded by monkeys pulling at him. One is hitting him with a stick. Mr. Kapasi chases them away and picks up Bobby. He takes him stunned and frightened to his parents. They decide to go back to the hotel. Mrs. Das pulls out her brush to fix Bobbys hair. When she pulls it from her purse the slip of paper with Mr. Kapasis address flies out and flutters away on the breeze into the trees with the monkeys. Narrative Perspective  · Third person but provides perspective of Mr Kapasi  · Mix of narrative and dialogue Characters: Mr. Das (Raj)  · Around 30 years of age  · Tanned  · Shrill immature voice, clean-shaven.  · Sapphire blue visor, shorts, sneakers, t-shirt  · Dresses and acts like typical American tourist  · Expensive, complicated camera slung around neck  · Live in New Brunswick, New Jersey  · A science teacher: compares his student excursions to Mr. Kapasi’s job as tour guide: â€Å"In a way we have a lot in common, you could say, you and I. † p. 46  · Thinks Mr. Kapasi’s job tiresome  · Stops car to take photo of poor man  · Takes photos at lunch stop  · Reads his tour book in car  · Supplements Mr. Kapasi’s description of the Sun Temple from his book  · Tells his wife off for wearing stupid shoes.  · Worried she won’t be in pictures at the hills. Thinks they could use on for their Christmas cards. Wants a picture of the five of them.  · Happy to come home from work in evenings, a contrast to his wife  · His camera triggers off monkeys Mrs. Das (Mina)  · 28 years old, similar age to husband  · Tanned  · No initial interest in Mr. Kapasi  · Doesn’t realize men at tea stall sing at her: doesn’t understand Hindi  · Wears red and white checkered skirt above knee, slip on shoes, close fitting blouse with strawberry shaped applique.  · Short, small hands, painted fingernails and lips, slightly plump, short hair,  · Wears large brown sunglasses, carries big straw bag  · Buys puffed rice: doesn’t offer to anyone else in car  · Impatient  · Has Bombay film magazine written in English  · Paints her nails whilst children watch monkeys  · Complains that car not air-conditioned: blames her husband  · Looks the other way when her husband photographs the man by road  · First sign on interest is when she hears Mr. Kapasi works as an interpreter. Takes off her sunglasses for the first time.  · Offers gum to Mr. Kapasi  · Vanity: brushes hair, does nails, concerned about appearance  · Invites Mr. Kapasi to eat lunch with them  · Smells of scent – a mixture of whiskey and rosewater  · Wants Mr. Kapasi’s address to send copies of pictures  · Drops the slip of paper with his address into the ‘jumble of her bag’  · Likes the carvings at the temple. Stares silently at the carved lovers  · Refuses to get out of car at the hills. Says her legs are tired.  · Tells Mr. Kapasi to stay. She shifts to front seat beside him  · Revelation that Bobby is not Raj’s son  · Doesn’t cope well at home with the children – feels isolated  · Outrage when Raj invites a Punjabi friend to stay  · Reaction when Mr. Kapasi can’t offer advice to her problem  · Question of whether or not she realizes the effect her words and actions have on Mr. Kapasi throughout the tour Mr. Kapasi  · An observer: he watches in his rearview mirror. He notices Mrs. Das’s ‘shaved, largely bare legs’  · We never learn his first name  · Speaks English so generally assigned as driver to foreign tourists  · Aged 46, receding silver hair, ‘butterscotch’ complexion  · Gray trousers and matching jacket-style shirt in synthetic non-crushable material. Made by tailor  · Finds it strange Mr. Das calls his wife by first name when speaking to daughter  · Asks questions about Das’s heritage and where they live  · A tour guide for 5 years  · Notes one boy paler skinned than the other  · Thinks parents more like children themselves  · Thinks their accents like American TV shows  · Sun Temple one of his favourite places: sees it as a ‘reward’  · Works as tour guide on Fridays and Saturdays.  · Has another job as Gujariti interpreter for a doctor  · Answers Mrs. Das’s questions about his job  · Never occurred to him that job is a ‘big responsibility’. He thinks it a thankless occupation  · Devoted scholar of foreign languages in youth  · Owned dictionaries, listed etymologies of words in his notebook  · Now has forgotten all but English  · Son contracted typhoid at 7 years old. Died in mother’s arms  · Job with doctor a barter of skills to pay son’s medical bills  · Financial pressures – education, housing, clothing  · Emotional pressure from wife grieving loss of son  · Wife calls him a ‘doctor’s assistant’. She’s not interested in his job  · Flattered by Mrs. Das’s interest in his job. Reminded of its intellectual challenges  · Finds Mrs. Das’s attention ‘intoxicating’  · Enjoys what seems like a ‘private conversation’ between him and Mrs. Das  · Writes his address carefully on scrap of paper  · Dreams of writing and receiving letters and what each will reveal to each other  · Has never seen his wife naked. Feels strange walking beside Mrs. Das  · Favorite statue is a particular Surya.  · Calculates how long until he receives first letter with photos  · Strategizes to make tour last longer  · Says monkeys are more hungry than dangerous. Tells them not to provoke them with food  · Shocked at Mrs. Das’s revelation about Bobby  · Upset that she thinks of him as a parent and healer  · He can’t comprehend she has told him her story. He thinks ‘interpreting’ only applies to language, not to problems.  · Feels insulted at being asked to interpret her ‘common, trivial little secret’  · Can foresee problem puffed rice will cause with monkeys  · Rescues Bobby and tempted to whisper truth of his birth to him Tina  · Complains 5 minutes into trip  · Wearing purple sundress with big bows  · Carries yellow-haired doll  · Her first trip to India  · Plays with door locks inside car  · Screams in delight at monkeys  · Wants mother’s attention Ronny  · Close in age to brother.  · Has braces: ‘network of flashing silver wires’  · Ignores father at tea stall: goes to the goat and quickly touches it.  · Excitement at seeing monkeys Bobby  · Has braces like his brother  · Picks up stick that monkey snatches. He and monkey pass it back and forwards  · Not Mr. Das’s biological son  · Wanders off and gets surrounded by monkeys  · Monkey hits him repeatedly with stick he’d given it earlier Themes Marital Relationships  · They are arguing in opening line of the story  · Mr. Kapasi has never seen his wife naked, has never admired the backs of her legs  · ‘†¦and enjoy the evening newspaper and a cup of tea that his wife would serve him in silence. ’ 60  · Revelation of Mrs. Das’s affair and birth of Bobby  · They married while still in college. Parents were best friends.  · She is unhappy in her marriage – has kept her feelings secret for eight years  · The effect on her of finally releasing her secret. She suddenly has renewed vigour and interest in family Parenting  · Mrs. Das doesn’t hold Tina’s hand  · Ronny ignores father on p44. So does Bobby p45  · Don’t stop Tina playing with door locks on car  · Mrs. Das tells Tina to leave her alone when applying nail polish p. 48  · Mrs. Das ignores children at temple: ‘†¦walking past her children as if they were strangers. ’ 58  · Seems to spring into maternal role after leaves Mr. Kapasi in a huff.  · Concern when Bobby missing  · Mrs. Das shows affection when Bobby hurt. Wants to fix his hair. Band-Aid. Cultural  · Parents look Indian but dress as ‘foreigners’  · Mr. Das greets differently to Mr. Kapasi: Mr. Kapasi presses palms together whilst Mr. Das squeezed hands  · Guide book published abroad  · Mr. Das proud he and his wife born in America. Their parents have retired to Assansol.  · Boy wonders why driver on wrong side of the car  · Mr. Kapasi knows something of America from ‘Dallas’, the TV show  · Mr. Kapasi not used to a woman showing interest in him. Mrs. Das so different from his wife  · Souvenirs stand at Sun Temple Tourists  · Guidebook on INDIA  · Camera and taking of photos  · Children’s excitement at seeing monkeys  · Ignorance of language and customs  · Mr. Das taking photo of man 49 Food/Smells  · Gum: ‘†¦a thick sweet liquid burst onto his tongue. ’ 50  · Puffed rice  · Lunch stop  · Mrs. Das’s scent Lack of fulfillment in life  · Mr. Kapasi had dreamed of being an interpreter for diplomats and dignitaries and settling disputes of which he alone could understand both sides  · Mrs. Das the first woman who had taken an interest in him  · She doesn’t have many close friends as whole life dominated by Raj and children  · has no-one to confide in  · She has fallen out of love with husband, children and life Dreams  · Mr. Kapasi dreams that letters between them would fulfill his dream of serving as an interpreter between nations.  · Thinks about complimenting Mrs. Das or even holding her hand Communication  · Mr. Kapasi translating Gujarati words into Hindi  · Mr. Kapasi speaks English  · Mrs. Das’s use of the word ‘romantic’ to describe his job  · Story-telling. Mr. Kapasi enjoys telling stories of the various patients for whom he has interpreted. ‘Mrs. Das listened attentively†¦asking more questions, for yet another example. ’ 54  · Thought of receiving letters from Mrs. Das  · Mr. Kapasi dreads possibility of a lost letter  · Mrs. Das’s use of the word ‘neat’. Mr. Kapasi not sure what it means.  · Mrs. Das not close to her parents  · Story of Bobby’s conception  · Mrs. Das feels she hasn’t been able to express her anxieties to anyone – she wants advice  · Use of looks: glares  · Difficulty of communicating pain and problems to other people Language and Style of Story  · Use of colours: ‘mustard oil on her frosty pink lips’  · Detail used to describe monkeys  · Detailed description of carvings at the Sun Temple  · Use of senses: smell, taste, touch, what the eyes see  · Use of motifs such as the slip of paper with address on it Motifs:  · White Ambassador car: lots of references to seats, locks, windows  · Tour book: Mr. Das always reading it. He prefers to draw his facts from the book rather than listen to Mr. Kapasi. Represents arrogance and ignorance of the tourist, especially a tourist of Indian heritage. Gap between America and India.  · Camera: Mr. Das hopes to get a photo of the whole family together but doesn’t succeed. Clicks away on camera rather than simply appreciating what is in front of him. Thinks of family Christmas card. Noise of camera worries monkeys. Link to Mr. Kapasi who dreams of receiving copies of photos.  · Puffed rice: represents self-centeredness of Mrs. Das. She doesn’t offer any to her family, only to Mr. Kapasi when she confides in him. Her carelessness, when puffed rice dropped on track, leads to monkeys attacking Bobby.  · Straw bag: Mrs. Das keeps all sorts of ‘trivial’ items in it. Mr. Kapasi’s address tossed in carelessly and later blows away when she gets brush out.  · Sunglasses: hide her face and emotions. She takes them off for the first time when Mr. Kapasi tells of his job.  · Clothing: family’s American style clothing compared to Mr. Kapasi’s tailored synthetic suit. Focus on the strawberry applique on Mrs. Das’ blouse. Contrast to traditional Indian clothes Mr. Kapasi’s wife wears.  · Monkeys: exciting for children but prove a menace. Mr. Kapasi’s advice that food can make them a threat comes true.  · Carvings at Sun Temple at Konarak: emphasis on ‘erotic’ carvings where couples entwined together – the opposite of Mr. and Mrs. Das, and also Mr. Kapasi and his wife. The carvings of lovers may escalate Mr. Kapasi’s lust for Mrs. Das.  · Dried up river and crumbled interior of the temple: The loss of cultural heritage  · The tour: the events symbolize the ‘misinterpretations’ that occur in the two marriages. Setting:  · India – American/Indian family are staying at Hotel Sandy Villa, near Puri. It is a Saturday in mid-July, ideal weather for sightseeing. Key quotes ‘Mr. and Mrs. Das behaved like an older brother and sister, not parents. ’ 49 â€Å"Doesn’t it get tiresome, Mr. Kapasi, showing people the same thing every day? † 49 â€Å"But so romantic,† Mrs. Das said dreamily, breaking her extended silence. 50 â€Å"I want to picture what happens. † 51 ‘To him it was a thankless occupation. He found nothing noble in interpreting people’s maladies†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 51 ‘The job was a sign of his failings. ’ 52 ‘Mr. Kapasi knew it was not a remarkable talent. ’ 52 ‘†¦and the countless other ways he tried to console his wife and to keep her from crying in her sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 53 ‘Mr. Kapasi knew that his wife had little regard for his career as an interpreter. He knew it reminded her of the son she’d lost†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 53 ‘He wondered if Mr. and Mrs. Das were a bad match, just as he and his wife were. Perhaps they, too, had little in common apart from three children and a decade of their lives. ’ ‘The signs he recognized from his own marriage were there – the bickering, the indifference, the protracted silences. ’ 53 ‘In addition to glancing at her face he glanced at the strawberry between her breasts and the golden brown hollow in her throat. ’ 54 ‘In time she would reveal the disappointment of her marriage, and he his. In this way their friendship would grow, and flourish. ’ 55 ‘In those moments Mr. Kapasi used to believe that all was right with the world, that all struggles were rewarded, that all of life’s mistakes made sense in the end. ’ 56 ‘The promise that he would hear from Mrs. Das now filled him with the same belief. ’ 56 ‘The thought of that silence, something to which he’d long been resigned, now oppressed him. ’ 60 ‘I’ve kept it a secret for eight whole years†¦But now I’ve told you. † 62 â€Å"I beg your pardon, Mrs. Das, but why have you told me this information? † 64 â€Å"I told you because of your talents. † 65 â€Å"Mr. Kapasi, don’t you have anything to say? I thought that was your job. † 65 â€Å"Don’t you realize what it means for me to tell you? † 65 â€Å"Is it really pain you feel, Mrs. Das, or is it guilt? † 66 ‘It crushed him; he knew at that moment that he was not even important enough to be properly insulted. ’ 66 ‘Mr. Kapasi observed it too, knowing that this was the picture of the Das family he would preserve forever in his mind. ’ 69 QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED: What are the key moments in this story? What links can be made with other stories in the collection? How is this story structured? Does it have a clear beginning (opening section), middle (characters, situation and ideas are developed) and end (draws story to a conclusion)? How does the story open? Does it hold the reader’s attention? How? How does it set the tone of the story? Is there suggestion and implication used rather than direct description? Does the story launch straight into the narrative? How has the writer presented the characters? Do they develop/ change? Is there an event/ experience that leads them to personal development? Is there a moment of epiphany? ? How do they relate to each other? Does the story reach a climax? Does it use the anti-climax and leave the ending open to a number of interpretations and questions? How does the story end? ? ? ? â€Å"A Real Durwan† pg. 70-82 Setting â€Å"Boori Ma, sweeper of the stairwell† is the 64 year old durwan of a poor four-storey apartment building in Calcutta, India. She likes to describe the riches and luxuries of a past life. Life is physically hard for her as she lives on the roof of the apartment building or under the letter boxes with her â€Å"life savings†. She is tolerated and drifts â€Å"in and out of the various households†. Motifs Food-lemon peels, ginger paste, vegetable peels, the cracker tin, tea, the delicacies of Boori Ma’s past life; â€Å"rice cooked in rosewater†, â€Å"we ate goat twice a week† etc Skeleton keys and life savings-they rattle hidden away under the sari. Reed broom, bucket, rags Sari- â€Å"a cheap white weave with a border the colour of a dirty pond†. Quilt-dirty and old, â€Å"They are clean now. I beat them with my broom† but they turn â€Å"into yoghurt† in the rain. The apartment block The rain- â€Å"It came slapping across the roof like a boy in slippers too big for him and washed Mrs. Dalal’s lemon peels into the gutter. † The two basins-â€Å"In his excitement on his way home through the plumbing district, Mr. Dalal had bought two basins. † Mr. Dalal’s wallet-â€Å"checking his pockets to make sure his wallet was in place. † Newspapers-Boori Ma sleeps on these and uses them to block out the rain. The collapsible gate, â€Å"stood guard between them and the outside world† Summary of the story Boori Ma is introduced to the reader as a poverty stricken and lonely old woman. As she sweeps the old cement stairs of the four-storey building she lives and works in, her stories of a past life filled with riches and prosperity form a focal point of the lives of the residents. Characters relate to each other through Boori Ma’s stories. She forms a sympathetic focal point as her â€Å"litanies† draw the â€Å"whole buildings attention†. Mrs Dalal â€Å"has a soft spot† for Boori Ma and is â€Å"insulted† that the residents do not supply Boori Ma with the necessities of life. Her promises of bedding and a â€Å"sheep’s- hair blanket† from Simla are never realised. A moment of change is signalled with the monsoonal rains. As Mrs Dala’s lemon peels are swept into the gutter so are the old ways and lives of the residents. Mr Dalal’s changing fortunes are the catalyst for this change. The arrival and installation of the two basins change he outlook and desires of the residents forever. The wives of the residents, form a â€Å"collective surmise† and seem to understand Boori Ma’s need to express her pain. Their sympathetic appreciation and tolerance, deteriorates when the sink is stolen. The climax of the story is when Mr Dalal installs the communal basin. Another climax is when Boori Ma’s â€Å"life savings and skeleton keys† are stolen in the market. This is a fore-shadowing of the robbery of the sink. Is this a story about the destitution of a woman or a whole people? Narrative Perspective  · Third person but provides perspective of Boori Ma  · Mix of narrative and dialogue Characters Boori Ma-the 64 year old durwan of a â€Å"very old building† who sweeps the cement stairs of this â€Å"particular flat building†. â€Å"In fact, the only thing that appeared three-dimensional about Boori Ma was her voice: brittle with sorrows, as tart a s curds, and shrill enough to grate meat from a coconut. † â€Å"She was sixty four years old, with hair in a knot no larger than a walnut, and she looked almost as narrow from the front as she did from the side. † â€Å"So she garbled facts. She contradicted herself. She embellished almost everything. But her rants were so persuasive, her fretting were so persuasive, her fretting so vivid, that it was not so easy to dismiss her. † â€Å"On certain afternoons Boori Ma visited her fellow residents. † â€Å"She picked up her broom-she never felt quite herself without it-†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr and Mrs Dalal-of the â€Å"third floor† experience changing fortune when Mr Dalal is promoted. â€Å"Mrs Dalal had a soft spot for Boori Ma; occasionally she gave the old woman some ginger paste with which to flavour her stews. † â€Å"’I cannot dream them’, Mrs. Dalal echoed. She lowered her diaphanous eyelids and sighed. ‘I cannot dream them, Boori Ma. I live in two broken rooms, married to a man who sells toilet parts. ’ â€Å" ‘†Who ever heard of it? I still cook on kerosene. You refuse to apply for a phone. And I have yet to see the fridge you promised when we married. You expect two basins to make up for all that? ’† Mr Chatterjee-his â€Å"opinions were always highly esteemed† despite his lack of physical or mental movement or pursuit. The â€Å"collective† residents of the building who tolerate and appreciate Boori Ma , â€Å"they never drew the latch bars across their doors†, until the sink is stolen. They gather together to â€Å" admire the day’s labours† but then separate into petty jealousies and material competitiveness. â€Å" No one in this particular flat-building owned much worth stealing. The second-floor widow, Mrs. Misra, was the only one with a telephone. Still, the residents were thankful that Boori Ma patrolled activities in the alley; screened the itinerant peddlars who came to sell combs and shawls from door to door†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In short, over the years, Boori Ma’s services came to resemble those of a real durwan†¦she honoured the responsibility, and maintained a vigil no less punctilious than if she were the gatekeeper of a house on Lower Circular Road, or Jodhpur Park, or any other fancy neighbourhood. † The building itself-an old four-storey apartment block that is transformed by a coat of yellow paint. â€Å"It was a very old building, the kind with bathwater that still had to be stored in drums, windows without glass and privy scaffolds made of bricks. † Themes Poverty and repression The old versus the new Prosperity and newly acquired wealth Fulfillment Belonging Alienation and loneliness Power Possessions Key quotes â€Å"Most of all, the residents liked that Boori Ma, who slept each night behind the collapsible gate, stood guard between them and the outside world. † (p. 73) â€Å"In short, over the years, Boori Ma’s services came to resemble those of a real durwan. † (p. 73) â€Å"She spent the night on a bed of newspapers. † (p. 78) â€Å"Mr. Dalal, meanwhile, was thinking: A sink on the stairwell is sure to impress visitors. † (p. 78) â€Å"To occupy the time, Boori Ma retired to the rooftop. She shuffled along the parapets, but her hips were sore from sleeping on newspapers. After consulting the horizon on all four sides, she tore what was left of her quilts into several strips and resolved to polish the banister poles at a later time. † (p. 78) â€Å"’A sure sign of changing times,’ Mr. Chatterjee reputedly admitted from his balcony. † (p. 79) â€Å"’Boori Ma, I haven’t forgotten. We will bring you back a sheep’s-hair blanket made in the mountains,’ Mrs. Dalal said through the open window of the taxi. † (p. 79) â€Å"Of all the people who lived in that particular flat-building, Boori Ma was the only one who stood by the collapsible gate and wished them a safe journey. † (p. 80) â€Å"As soon as the Dalals were gone, the other wives began planning renovations of their own. † (p. 80) â€Å"Workers began to occupy this particular flat-building night and day. † (p. 80) â€Å"After a few days Boori Ma moved her baskets and her cooking bucket to the rooftop as well. † (p. 80) â€Å"Her mornings were long, her afternoons longer. She could not remember her last glass of tea. † (p. 80) â€Å"She grew restless on the roof, and so for some exercise, Boori Ma started circling the neighbourhood in the afternoons. Reed broom in hand, sari smeared with newsprint ink, she wandered through markets and began spending her life savings on small treats†¦One day .. she felt something tugging the free end of her sari. When she looked, the rest of her life savings and her skeleton keys were gone. † (p. 81) â€Å"In their haste the residents practically carried Boori Ma up the stairs on the roof, where they planted her on one side of the clothesline and started screaming at her from the other. † (p. 81) â€Å"’For years we have put up with your lies,’ they retorted. ‘You expect us, now, to believe you? ’† (p. 82) â€Å"’Boori Ma’s mouth is full of ashes. But that is nothing new. What is new is the face of this building. What a building like this needs is a real durwan. ’† (p. 82) â€Å"From the pile of belongings Boori Ma kept only her broom. ’ Believe me, believe me,’ she said once more as her figure began to recede. She shook the free end of her sari, but nothing rattled. † (p. 82) ‘Sexy’ – pp. 83-110 Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. A New England maritime city, one of the oldest in America and with several distinguished universities. It was founded by Puritans in 1630. Socially progressive (abolitionist movement etc),it has been enriched first by Irish Catholic immigrants, then Italians, Russian and Polish Jews and other immigrant groups. As a university town, it still draws its population from around the world. Also known as â€Å"the cradle of liberty† (due to its role in the American Revolution), â€Å"the cradle of Modern America†, â€Å"the Hub of the Universe†. White Americans make up 56% of the population, Black Americans around 25%, 1/5 of these being non-Hispanic. Asian Americans make up around 10%. Note how hard it is to follow a definition of a community on racial lines- boundaries begin to dissolve. WHAT DOES DEFINE A COMMUNITY? A CULTURE? Miranda and/ or Dev visit Davis Square, Symphony Hall, MFA (Museum of Fine Art),and especially the Mapparium (where the lovers feel â€Å"as if they were standing in the center of the world†p 90) at the Christian Science centre, and Filene’s strange basement and maze-like cosmetics/ make-up dept, restaurants, the airport, Commonwealth Avenue (takes Dev home to his wife: irony here? ) (84) and other Boston places. Also, consider the significance of an apartment, cubicle, neighbour’s house, restaurants. Also, note how the setting extends through discussions about the past and about t